Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Pre Exposure Prophylaxis ( Prep ) For Hiv Prevention

Article Report Brent Henrikson Name: University Article 1 Abstract â€Å"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is a promising experimental approach currently being tested globally. A number of PrEP trials are evaluating the safety and effectiveness of PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) and other populations at risk for HIV, and results will be available from this first generation of efficacy trials over the next few years. Here we review the rationale for orally-administered antiretrovirals for prevention, and outline issues the first generation trials will address as well as questions that may be addressed in future studies. We also describe the rationale for combination prevention approaches that may combine PrEP with other prevention modalities as part of a larger prevention package† (Buchbinder and Liu, 2011). Summary Buchbinder and Liu (2011) underscored the importance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by stating that the future prevention and management of HIV infection lies in the ability to prevent the infection in the first place. This article focused on â€Å"reviewing the rationale for orally-administered antiretrovirals for prevention, and outline issues the first generation trials will address as well as questions that may be addressed in future studies† (Buchbinder and Liu, 2011). The article also focused on discussing the reasoning for combining PrEP with other prevention methods. A number of trials have been focusing on determiningShow MoreRelatedUptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis In Hivya Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining the uptake, use and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV negative persons with partners living with HIV. Related to this study was another research conducted by the same researchers but this time they investigated antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. In another study conducted by AIDS (London), the study was based on determining effectiveness and safety of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for all populations. A study conducted by EmoryRead MoreUtilization Of Hiv Essay833 Words   |  4 Pagesan evaluation and assessment of Programs to Increase the Utilization of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among Men Who have Sex with Mem (MSM) and Transgender Individuals and Collaborative Efforts to Metropolitan Statistical Area, offered by the International Black Women’s Congress (IBWC) in response to the request for proposal for The Virginia Department of Health, Division of Disease Prevention for the delivery of HIV services in the Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News Metropolitan StatisticalRead MoreThe And Drug Administration Approved Truvada For Treating Hiv889 Words   |  4 PagesTruvada, the anti-HIV pill that his primary doctor prescribed h im approximately four months ago. At first, he was a bit skeptical because he has always been against taking medicines in general; however, after doing his own research and finding out that, if taken as prescribed, Truvada could protect him anywhere from 92 to 99 percent from contracting HIV, he accepted and started the treatment. Truvada, which is the brand name behind the Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis treatment, best known as PrEP, is the latestRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1562 Words   |  7 PagesDisease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that studies, as noted before, have shown PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV through sexual intercourse by more than 90% and by more than 70% among populations who inject drugs when taken regularly. Gay or bisexual men increase their chance of being exposed to the virus if they have had anal sex without a condom, been diagnosed with an STD during the past 6 months or are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partner. The 2014 HIV in the United States:Read MorePre Exposure Prophylaxis ( Prep )1133 Words   |  5 PagesPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) consists in the use of oral ART (either tenofovir alone, TFV, or in association with emtricibine, TFV/FTC) or topical vaginal TFV gel to prevent HIV transmission. This intervention was initially prop osed following previous research that showed ART as an effective way to prevent transmission (i.e. prevention of mother-to-child-transmission, MTCT, treatment as prevention strategy, TaP, and in the context of post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP) (1, 6). Since 2012, followingRead MoreSouth Carolina Hiv / Aids Council Project Preplan Community Summit : Taking Action Changing Our Destiny1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe turnout was larger than expected for the South Carolina HIV/AIDS Council Project PrEPlan Community Summit: â€Å"Taking Action—Changing Our Destiny†. The Summit was hosted by Benedict College in Columbia, SC. 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AccordingRead MoreLimitations Of Acquiring Data On Hiv1783 Words   |  8 PagesLimitations in Acquiring Data The current data surrounding HIV rates in transgender women are inadequate for several reasons. First, due to an unequal number of studies from each country, the international data reports are merely estimates and are most likely not generalizable to all transgender populations across the world. Next, the sampling methods that have been used, may have resulted in an oversampling of transgender women who are sex workers as these specific populations tend to congregateRead MoreHIV Research Paper1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) came about after an epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) surfaced in the 1980’s affecting the lives of gay men. It was first said to be gay related immune deficiency (GRID) (Baeten, 2012) and was sexually transmitted. This deadly disease has caused millions of deaths, but during its thirty plus years of existence; many breakthroughs have come about to make this a treatable disease. A few years later, cases of females being infectedRead MoreThe Prevention Of Hiv Prevention945 Words   |  4 PagesHIV Prevention There are several ways you can protect yourself and your partner(s) from HIV. Using a condom the correct way and every time you engage in sex, but not everybody uses the methods. If your partner is HIV positive, but you’re negative, then talk to your doctor about taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It’s a medication you take daily to prevent HIV infection. This drug is not for people who have a partner who is infected, it’s also recommended for people who engage in sex with a

Monday, December 16, 2019

Texts by Peter Skrzynecki Free Essays

People’s perceptions of belonging vary according to the way they see themselves and their world. Individuals feelings of alienation and belonging is perceived by the way they see themselves and their world. As individuals become accepted within their new world, their surrounding forge acceptance, thus alienation becomes less apparent. We will write a custom essay sample on Texts by Peter Skrzynecki or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals foundation of belonging from alienation through the way they see themselves within their world is conveyed within â€Å"The Blind Side†, and â€Å"Felicks Skrzynecki† by Peter Skrzynecki. Within these two texts individuals similarly generate a sense of belonging in despite of cultural differences thus overcoming their struggles to gain a perception of acceptance within their world. Whereas â€Å"10 Mary Street† by Peter Skrzynecki portrays his perception of himself as belonging to his world and within his home. Individuals perceptions of one’s self worth within their world effects their sense of belonging. The Blind Side† is a powerful projection of cultural injustice and the misperceptions of cultural identity that shape an individuals sense of belonging, Michael does not belong within his community. The long shot of Michael sitting in the stands alone projects Michaels isolation from the remainder of his population. This broad shot generates an image which makes Michael seem miniscule within his world and thus his perception of his self worth is conveyed with negative impressions, Michael has no sense of belonging as he sits abounded, alone in a shot which over shadows him. I look and I see white everywhere. White walls, white floors and a lot of white people. † As Michael is being brought into Leanne’s family through this dialogue it is conveyed that it is a difficult transition, Michael see’s his race as a barrier between the acceptance of his new world, which highlights the void between the rich white population and the less fortunate culture which Michael was born into- Michael doesn’t perceive himself to belong. Through plot development alienation becomes less apparent and Michael is adopted within new culture that he becomes apart of, Michael belongs to his new world. Leigh Anne asked Michael â€Å"You’re gonna take care of me right? †, and Michael responds â€Å"I got your back† this conversation highlights the strong bond that has formed between these two individuals, and thus in juxtaposition to the first shot Michael is no longer alone. Leigh Anne is reliant on Michael who has changed her life in a positive way thus Michael’s self worth has increased. As Michael is accepted within Leigh Annes family a strong bond is formed within his world. Through his increased self worth Michael feels a sense of belonging brought in spite of his alienation. Through the alienation of cultural barriers individuals sought for other means of belonging. â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† explores the hardships of cultural barriers and how these can create alienation in the failure to belong within his world, similar to Michaels alienation within his world. â€Å"Did your father ever attempt to learn English? , this cruel accusation depicts Australia’s unforgiving nature for foreigners failure to adapt to a certain culture. The incapability of Peter’s â€Å"gentle father† to change himself to belong to his new world leads to a sense of alienation and an exploration for other means of belonging. Peter writes his father â€Å"Loved his garden like an only child†, and â€Å"He swept its path ten times around the world†, p rojecting a strong connection that his father has a place that he belongs and is accepted. The symbol that the garden is his child conveys the strong connection that the man and garden have with each other; a child is dependent on its parent to survive and thus this becomes a metaphor for Feliks and the garden- the garden needs Feliks to stay healthy and thus a strong sense of belonging to each other. Feliks continuous sweeping of the path creates a sense of routine which demonstrates a sense of belonging as well as routine the use of a hyperbole emphasizes the amount of time spent in his garden reinforcing the strong sense of belonging experienced by his father. From alienation further means of belonging are sought for as seen through the importance placed on his fathers cultural connective friends to reminisce upon the past, Felicks belongs to the past and places significant importance upon his homeland; where they all feel a greater sense of belonging, â€Å"Talking, they reminisced about farms where paddocks flowered with corn and wheat, horses they bred†. Another connection which generates his fathers sense of belonging is the changing from a farm to a garden where he has always tended to nature and thus this is a place familiarity; a place he feels he belongs. Thus Peter’s â€Å"gentle father† is alienated within the Australian culture but has sought for other means of belonging within himself and his cultural identity, forging happiness and acceptance. Therefore Felicks perception of his own happiness and surrounding have generated a sense of belonging for himself within his garden. Belonging is achieved through an individuals security and belonging to a place as seen within Peter Skryznecki, â€Å"10 Mary Street†. The employment of a personal voice emphasises a sense of authenticity which allows for the theme of belonging to magnified. Skrzynecki’s use of first person allows the reader to forge a relationship with the persona thus the composers themes are conveyed with an extension of a sentimental bond. Peter’s individual perception that he belongs to his home as well as his parents despite being a migrant disallows for alienation and displays a perception of personal security within his home. â€Å"For nineteen years we departed each morning† like in â€Å"Feliks Skryznecki† a sense of routine provides an impression of a sense of belonging thus bonding the migrants to their new world. Peter presents himself to belong within his world through the perception that he is apart of his home and has been for nineteen years. â€Å"We lived together†¦ With photographs and letters†, â€Å"We became citizens of the soil that was feeding us† Peter uses this metaphor and evaluative comment to acknowledged his heritage but also the link to his new home both providing him with a sense of belonging. Through the individuals perception of security to his home for years a sense of belonging is achieved within his world through his family and home. How to cite Texts by Peter Skrzynecki, Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Essay on Health Plan Review

Question: Write your health plan review using report format. Answer: Introduction The Koolin Balit Plan has been taken up in order to examine the relevance and significance of health plan in the Aboriginal population. While Koolin Balit denotes healthy people in Boonwurrung language, it is to be asserted that this Victorian Government strategy vouches for and works towards the improvement and welfare of Aboriginal people in Victoria by the year 2022 (www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2016). This plan is all about setting out as well as focusing on the governments commitments through the Department of Health and Human Services along with the Aboriginal communities towards improving the Aboriginal health; and also to bring together total effort of Victoria in Aboriginal health in an integrated framework on the basis of predominant key priorities and enablers. Description of plan Koolin Balit is known as the strategic directions of the Victorian Government for the cause of Aboriginal health over the years of 2012-2022. This plan was launched by the Minister for Health at the Aboriginal health conference in the year 2012, specifically in the month of May (www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2016). The government has aimed for making a significant impact on the cause of improving the respective length and lifestyle quality of the Aboriginal Victorians in this modern age. The preset objectives of the government can be put forth as: Closing the gap in the concerned life expectancy for Aboriginal people living in Victoria Causing reduction in the differences in the infant mortality rates, factor of morbidity and low birth weights between general population and the people of Aboriginal strata Improving access to the necessary services and outcomes for the Aboriginal people Certain priority areas can be focused to improve upon the health and wellbeing of the Aboriginal people. The key priority areas are: A healthy start to life A healthy childhood A healthy transition to adulthood Caring for older people Addressing risk factors Management of illness better with effective health services The enablers can be listed as: Improvement of data and service Strong and efficient Aboriginal organizations Cultural responsiveness Description of priority area and at risk groups One of the outlined priority areas in the chosen plan is: A healthy start to life and it is a well-known fact that a healthy start to life is actually the foundation of good health throughout the living cycle. As a major 16% of the disease prone people up to the age of 24 years tend to suffer due to the neonatal conditions, therefore, it is the responsibility of the young Aboriginal population to ensure good health from the very beginning of life; and in this regard, the issue concerning breastfeeding amongst the indigenous mothers can be cited with effective lan (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The at-risk groups in this context are: indigenous pregnant women and young women. In accordance with the evidence, it can be put forward that the indigenous women are less likely to opt for breastfeeding in comparison with non-indigenous women and therein lies the difference in course of giving a healthy start to life for the indigenous children are more often than not deprived from the benefits of breastfeeding. The benefits of breastfeeding for the infants are numerous for it provides the very foundation of life that guides through the children throughout their respective lives, in terms of safeguarding them from life threatening infections and ailments (Willis et al. 2006). The actions outlined for addressing this priority area are inclusive of nurturing pregnant women, healthy lifestyle of women barring the habits of smoking and drinking, providing the would-be-mothers with effective knowledge of breastfeeding etc. Discussion This particular section of report is all about focusing on the probable determinants linked closely to the at-risk groups i.e. indigenous pregnant women, young women and the associated health consequences for the concerned groups. In this connection the determinants i.e. social, environmental and biological can be chosen which can be listed as education, early life and social support. It can be put forward that in terms of increasing the number of Aboriginal pregnant women and the new mothers in course of their accessing antenatal care early in their pregnancy and motherhood, the early life factor can be accomplished. Educating the mothers on the benefits of breastfeeding is essential for breastfeeding not just helps in ensuring the healthy beginning of life and upbringing of life for the infants; but is also effective for the mothers in maintaining their respective lives and healthy motherhood. Inculcating positive lifestyle behavior during and after pregnancy is of utmost importance; and that can certainly be achieved in terms of supporting specific healthcare programs that in turn help in providing an optimum environment for the growth of the newborn with positive reinforcements (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The factors concerning education and social support can be incorporated as well as attaine d by means of supporting several local initiatives that happen to emphasize the provisions concerning physical health and mental health, overall wellbeing of the Aboriginal infants and their mothers during pre-natal and post-natal period. It is the Victorian Governments responsibility to enhance the connecting links between the health improvement programs and social initiatives, for ensuring Closing the Health Gap implementation plan alongside the effective execution of the activities that largely involves improvement of access to the quality antenatal care (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The government department can be found to be working on the proposed healthcare initiatives for the cause of bringing forth improvement in the positive lifestyle behavior among the mothers during and after pregnancy period. The initiatives take into account plans such as; Healthy Family Air which has been designed in support of quit smoking among the parents of the Aboriginal infants during the phase of pregnancy Koori alcohol plan for serving the purpose of increasing and spreading awareness regarding the habit of risky drinking amongst would-be-parents of Aboriginal population and the adverse effects of drinking on the unborn babies Victorian Aboriginal nutrition and physical activity strategy that needs effective implementation to ensure the welfare and wellbeing of the Aboriginal mothers and newborns on grounds of nutritional health These determinants are pivotal for they are impactful on the specified group because of their appropriateness and relevance. Conclusion This report has managed to sum up that the health plan concerning Koolin Balit happens to provide a clear path forward in the attainment of prominent outcomes in the course of Aboriginal health. It has come up with a clear demonstration through the respective investigation of the health services for Aboriginal people in terms of being responsible and accountable for the taken initiatives. The research study has pointed towards the fact that health outcomes vary to a large extent across the population groups and the same has happened in case of the Aboriginal population for they have a distinct set of lifestyle which adversely affects their very wellbeing and overall welfare. The report is found to have focused on the impact of the health services on the Aboriginal population in terms of closely associating the government and other partners on this ground of improvement of positive healthy lifestyle behavior among the Aboriginal people, specifically the pregnant women and young women. It can be concluded that this particular piece of research write up has managed to serve the purpose of illustrating how and why of the concerned impacts, that have been taking place through the means of underlying determinants. References Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022. (2016). pp.1-88. Willis, E., Smye, V. and Rameka, M. (2006). Advances in Contemporary Indigenous Health Care. Maleny: EContent Management Pty Ltd.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Somalia And US Essays - Military Operations Other Than War, Peace

Somalia And US The desire for an organization that would help the international community"avoid future conflicts" and the recognized need for a global body that would "promote international economic and social cooperation" led the powerful states emerging from the rubble of WWII to develop the United Nations. The newly formed United Nations "represented an expression of hope for the possibilities of a new global security arrangement and for fostering the social and economic conditions necessary for peace to prevail" (Mingst and Karns 2). The need for mutual cooperation amongst the states following the second of the global wars was vital to the reconstruction of war-torn Europe, and for the development of a new world order. This attempt at cooperation was not the first of its kind. According to Mingst and Karns, "The UN's Charter built on lessons learned from the failed League of Nations created at the end of World War I and earlier experiments with international unions, conference diplomacy, and dispute settlements mechanisms" (2). Despite this "experience" in mutual cooperation, the founding states still faced many problems in the security arena due to the advent of the Cold War. In order to effectively deal with security issues facing the UN, the Security Council turned to "peace- Mulligan 2 keeping" as an alternative to armed aggression. According to the United Nations Department of Public Information, "Peacekeeping was pioneered and developed by the United Nations as one of the means for maintaining international peace and security" (1998), and the UN deals with particular problems through "the prevention, containment, and moderation of hostilities between or within states through the use of multinational forces of soldiers, police, and civilians" (Mingst and Karns 3). This was a very different approach to quelling conflicts that had never before been practiced. Peacekeeping was "a creative response to the breakdown of great-power unity and the spread of East-West tensions to regional conflicts" (Mingst and Karns 3). Before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, John R. Bolton, Senior Vice President of the American Enterprise Institute, stated further reasoning for the evolution of peacekeeping. He notes: ?Traditional' U.N. peacekeeping evolved when it became clear that the broad intentions of the Framers of the U.N. Charter were rendered largely meaningless by the onset of the Cold War. U.N. involvement in international crises, far from being the central dispute-resolution mechanism envisioned by the Framers in Chapters VI and VII, became episodic and incidental to the main global confrontation between East and West. Since "Cold War tensions have subsided, peace has been threatened by resurgent ethnic and nationalist conflicts in Mulligan 3 many regions. As a result, U.N. peacekeeping operations have grown rapidly in number and complexity in recent years. While 13 operations were established in the first forty years of U.N. peacekeeping, 28 new operations have been launched since 1988" (UNDPI 1998). The following map shows the many regions of the world in which the United Nations has become involved in a peacekeeping mission: Mulligan 4 Due in part because of the extraordinarily limited dimensions within which U.N. peacekeeping was feasible, a clear set of principles evolved to describe the elements necessary for successful U.N. operations. These rules would become the standard from which future U.N. peace-keeping missions would be drawn. The first criterion for a U.N. peacekeeping mission was consent. According to Bolton, "All of the relevant parties to a dispute had to agree to the participation of U.N. peacekeepers in monitoring, observing or policing a truce, cease fire, or disengagement of combatants" (2000). This agreement must not only grant the U.N. the right to intervene in the state's internal affairs, but also detail the "scope of its mission and the operational requirements for carrying out that mission" (Bolton 2000). A nation-state, at any time, could withdraw its consent at which point the U.N. forces would withdraw. One example of revoking consent occurred in "May, 1967, when Egypt insisted on the withdrawal of the U.N. Expeditionary Force (established after the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956) from its territory along the border with Israel" (Bolton 2000). U.N. forces were forced to leave, and as a result, the Six Day War followed. Mulligan 5 A second requirement was the notion that the U.N. forces would not take sides in the conflict. Bolton states that ...U.N. peacekeepers were [to be] neutral [amongst] the parties to the conflict, not favoring one or another of them. It was understood to be elemental that the United Nations could not ?take sides' in a conflict without itself becoming involved in the very situation it was trying to

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Word Games to Improve Your Writing

Word Games to Improve Your Writing Word Games to Improve Your Writing Word Games to Improve Your Writing By Ali Hale It’s hard work to increase your vocabulary by memorising long lists of words and definitions, or to improve your spelling by constantly writing out words you get wrong. Why not try playing some word-based games instead? If you have kids, these are great ways to help them with their writing skills whilst having fun! Scrabble A hugely popular board game (and even available on Facebook), Scrabble involves creating words from â€Å"tiles†, each with a letter on. You need two to four players, each of whom starts the game with seven tiles. The first player must make a full word from the tiles in their hand. After that, each person must create a word that overlaps one already on the board – a bit like words on a crossword puzzle. You can create more than one word by cunning positioning of your tiles, but the tiles you put down on the board must go in a straight line forming one main word. Each word gets a score based on the letters used, After you’ve played, you take more letters from the tile bag, until it’s eventually empty. Scrabble is great for building up your vocabulary – though you may want to introduce a â€Å"house rule† that everyone should be able to use the word they’ve played in a sentence. Certain members of my family have a â€Å"crib sheet† of two-letter words like â€Å"el† and â€Å"ny† (you can get a list of official two-letter words here). Scrabble is also a good game to help you with spelling; there’s nothing worse than playing what you think is a killer move only to be told you’ve spelt the word wrong. There are some variants of Scrabble such as Upwords, a 3D version (you can stack the letter tiles on top of one another). Crosswords In the UK, almost every daily newspaper has a crossword. Some are easy and some are fiendishly hard! A crossword is a series of white squares, each representing a letter, which overlap. The words can go â€Å"down† or â€Å"across†, and each word has a number corresponding to a clue. Once you’ve solved a clue, you can fill in that word. For practising your spelling and vocabulary, you’ll probably want to avoid â€Å"cryptic† crosswords (where the clue only relates obliquely to the answer – for example, you might have to form an anagram from words in the clue to find the answer). Some crosswords also rely on a high level of literary or historical knowledge. You might want to start by trying some crosswords available online. A fun variant on the crossword is to start with a completed one and then make up the clues – this could be a great game to play with kids or friends to think up some unusual definitions of words. Hangman A popular pen-and-paper game, Hangman can help with spelling, vocabulary and recognising letter patterns. It’s most suited to kids or people who are still learning English. You need two players. One, the ‘Hangman’ thinks up a word and writes down a series of dashes on a piece of paper, each dash representing one letter. So a five letter word would look like this: __ __ __ __ __ The other player must guess letters, one at a time. If the letter appears in the word, the Hangman writes that letter over the appropriate dash. If the letter doesn’t appear, the Hangman writes it in a corner of the paper, and draws the next section of the scaffold to ‘hang’ the other player. The aim for the Hangman is to pick a word which the other player won’t guess before the scaffold is complete. The aim for the player is to guess the word before being ‘hanged’! There are full instructions at Wikipedias Hangman page. You can play an online version of Hangman designed for students of English as a Foreign Language at English Banana. Consequences To play consequences, you’ll need at least three people (the more the better), and a sheet of paper per person. It’s a great game for parties – whether young or old – and would be a good ice-breaker for a writers’ workshop. The game goes like this: Each player writes down a man’s name – it’s funniest if it’s someone the group knows, maybe a political figure – folds the top of the paper over to hide it, and passes it on. Everyone writes down â€Å"met† and a woman’s name – again, try picking a famous person – folds the paper again, and passes it on. This time, write â€Å"at† or â€Å"in† and the place where they met. Next, write â€Å"He said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a line of dialogue. (Fold, pass it on†¦) Now, write â€Å"She said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a line of dialogue. (Fold, pass it on†¦) Finally, write the consequence, eg. â€Å"And they lived happily ever after† – but be more imaginative than that! Pass the papers on one more time. Everyone unfolds their paper, and takes it in turn to read out the mini story. This always leads to some funny stories, and if you’re playing it with your kids, you might want to use â€Å"teachers’ names† or â€Å"cartoon characters†. It’s a great way to introduce story telling techniques to children, or to come up with some off-the-wall ideas with a group of adults. It might also help you with dialogue skills or comic writing techniques. Do you have a favourite writing game? Has it helped you to improve your English – or helped your kids with their spelling? Or do you just play for fun? Let us know in the comments †¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further50 Nautical Terms in General UsePredicate Complements

Friday, November 22, 2019

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830 By definition, an electric vehicle, or EV, will use an electric motor for propulsion rather than a gasoline-powered motor. Besides the electric car, there are bikes, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains that have all been powered by electricity. Beginnings Who invented the very first EV is uncertain, as several inventors have been given credit. In 1828, Hungarian nyos Jedlik invented a small-scale model car powered by an electric motor that he designed. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric-powered carriage. In 1835, another small-scale electric car was designed by Professor Stratingh of Groningen, Holland, and built by his assistant Christopher Becker. In 1835, Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built a small-scale electric car. Davenport was also the inventor of the first American-built DC electric motor. Better Batteries More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by both Thomas Davenport and Scotsman Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly-invented, non-rechargeable electric cells (or batteries). Frenchman Gaston Plante invented a better storage battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure further improved the storage battery in 1881. Better-capacity storage batteries were needed for electric vehicles to become practical. American Designs In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles. In 1899, a Belgian-built electric racing car called La Jamais Contente set a world record for land speed of 68 mph. It was designed by Camille Jà ©natzy. It was not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon, both in 1891. Many innovations followed, and interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In fact, William Morrisons design, which had room for passengers, is often considered the first real and practical EV. In 1897, the first commercial EV application was established: a fleet of New York City taxis built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company of Philadelphia. Increased Popularity By the turn of the century, America was prosperous. Cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America,  as they outsold all other types of cars. One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. Later in 1916, Woods invented a hybrid car that had both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline-powered cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving. Electric vehicles did not require gear changes. While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water, compared to an electric cars range on a single charge. The only good roads of the period were in town, which meant that most commutes were local, a perfect situation for electric vehicles since their range was limited. The electric vehicle was the preferred choice of many because it did not require manual effort to start, as with the hand crank on gasoline vehicles,  and there was no wrestling with a gear shifter. While basic electric cars cost under $1,000, most early electric vehicles were ornate, massive carriages designed for the upper class. They had fancy interiors made with expensive materials and averaged $3,000 by 1910. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s, with production peaking in 1912. Electric Cars Almost Become Extinct For the following reasons, the electric car declined in popularity. It was several decades before there was a renewed interest in these vehicles. By the 1920s, America had a better system of roads that connected cities, bringing with it the need for longer-range vehicles.The discovery of Texas crude oil reduced the price of gasoline so that it was affordable to the average consumer.The invention of the electric starter by  Charles Kettering  in 1912 eliminated the need for the hand crank.The initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by  Henry Ford  made these vehicles widely available and affordable, in the $500 to $1,000 price range. By contrast, the price of the less efficiently-produced electric vehicles continued to rise. In 1912, an electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline car sold for $650. Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years following until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for their use as personal transportation. The Return The  60s  and  70s  saw a need for  alternative-fueled  vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred after 1960. Battronic Truck Company In the early 60s, the Boyertown Auto Body Works jointly formed the Battronic Truck Company with Smith Delivery Vehicles, Ltd., of England and the Exide Division of the Electric Battery Company. The first Battronic electric truck was delivered to the Potomac Edison Company in 1964. This truck was capable of speeds of 25 mph, a range of 62 miles and a payload of 2,500 pounds. Battronic worked with General Electric from 1973 to 1983 to produce 175 utility vans for use in the utility industry and to demonstrate the capabilities of battery-powered vehicles. Battronic also developed and produced about 20 passenger buses in the mid-1970s. CitiCars and Elcar Two companies were leaders in electric car production during this time. Sebring-Vanguard produced over 2,000 CitiCars. These cars had a top speed of 44 mph, a normal cruise speed of 38 mph and a range of 50 to 60 miles. The other company was Elcar Corporation, which produced the Elcar. The Elcar had a top speed of 45 mph, a range of 60 miles and cost between $4,000 and $4,500. United States Postal Service In 1975, the United States Postal Service purchased 350 electric delivery jeeps from the American Motor Company to be used in a test program. These jeeps had a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 40 miles at a speed of 40 mph. Heating and defrosting were accomplished with a gas heater and the recharge time was ten hours.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Operations Management Workforce Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management Workforce Planning - Essay Example This again will adversely affect the bottom line of the company. At a glance, it might appear very simple and rudimental to determine the actual manning complement for a certain operation however, a deeper scrutiny of the process will reveal the complexities involved such as the unpredictable fluctuation of demand vis--vis a fixed operating capacity comprised. The proponent used a simple accounting approach to determine and consolidate the cost component of each staffing plan. From here, the proponent tabulated the different data given in the case problem afterwhich, he proceeds in summing up the total cost per plan and simply compares each cost to know which alternative yields the least cost. Further to the quantitative analysis, which is actually just a comparison of the costs, the proponent attempts to account for the other effects of the different plans like employee morale, customer service and operations. The case problem requires the proponent to analyze three Workforce Planning model based on a given set of forecasted weekly demand, production rate per product and various costs like regular wage, overtime cost, hiring and firing cost. The problem further requires the proponent to evaluate each of these options based on other aspects of the business such as employee morale, operations and customer service. The setting of the problem is in Newmart International Manufacturing where three products are two be produced without incidents of run outs or back orders. IV. THE WORKFORCE PLANNING MODELS As mentioned in the case problem, the proposed Workforce Models to address the demand of the coming quarter are: 1) Level Workforce where the proponent simply hires the additional manpower required and keeps them all throughout the succeeding weeks; 2) Original Full-time Workforce plus over time does not engage in firing or hiring employees rather and 3) Adjusting the workforce depending on the requirement per week where the company is engaged in a weekly hiring and firing of employees. V. ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the tabulation shown below, it is clear that among the three options, the original 75 fulltime workers of the company are still sufficient in meeting with the forecasted demands. It is also inferred that employee morale and other organizational elements have been adversely affected by frequent hiring and firing. The proponent therefore suggests applying option B to address the requirement of the company. This option will not only yield the lowest cost, i.e., US$ 609,588 there is but more importantly, it will maintain, if not enhance employee morale, customer service and the overall performance of the business operation. Bibliography: Heizer, Jay and Render, Render. "Production and Operations Management".4th

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Financial Managment Course Project Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Managment Course Project Topic - Essay Example In normative way company can explain what should do for maintain accounts and finance in an accurate way and in positive way company can explain that what they are doing at present for maintain financial records. These theories help to make economic decision in the business. Financial theories provide a set of principles and focus on certain relationships which explain observed practices and these theories are also able to highlight the unobserved practices also. These theories also help to focus on an important factor and that is the procedure which a company is applying to utilize its financial resources (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2010). If all the financial resources are not utilized properly or these resources are not utilized for the purpose of business then the business owner can get information by applying proper financial theories. Financial statements are main parts in any company to maintain the financial and accounting records. These statements are prepared by using rele vant financial theories. Above mentioned reasons are the motivational factors for doing such practices in every organization (Banerjee,

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Amy Chua Hanna Rosen Essay Example for Free

Amy Chua Hanna Rosen Essay Amy Chua and Hannah Rosin: a comparison and contrast of parenting styles In recent years, Yale professor Amy Chua has drawn a great deal of attention due to her focus on a parenting style that is foreign – both figuratively and literally – to most Western parents. This style centers on a Chinese model that Chua espouses, and that has become famous, or infamous, for the stern and rigorous practices that Chua enforced with her own two daughters. Chua has received a large amount of criticism; one of her critics is Hannah Rosin, a prominent writer and editor. In response to Chua, Rosin outlines an alternative method of parenting. It can be argued that while both Chua and Rosin are involved and devoted mothers, they have distinctly contrasting views on how to raise children. There are three areas in which this contrast can be most clearly seen: attitudes to success, attitudes to self-esteem, and attitudes to happiness. Amy Chua’s model of parenting has success at its core. Chua sums up the Chinese approach to activities in this way: â€Å"What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you’re good at it† (Chua, 2011). With this as a mantra, Chua promotes an extremely rigorous approach to such activities as learning a musical instrument; she believes that two or three hours of practicing an instrument daily is appropriate for young children. Furthermore, Chua believes that parents should not give their children any choice over which musical instruments to learn; the violin and piano are the only acceptable choices, regardless of the child’s natural talent or predilection. This approach is also evident in academics. Chua says, â€Å"†¦the vast majority of Chinese mothers†¦believe their children can be ‘the best’ students, that ‘academic achievement reflects successful parenting’ and that if children did not excel at school there was ‘a problem’ and parents ‘were not doing their job’† (Chua, 2011). Hannah Rosin takes a distinctly different approach to success, one that is arguably more reflective of Western attitudes in general. Rosin says, â€Å"Ms. Chua has the diagnosis of American childhood exactly backward. What privileged American children need is not more skills and rules and math drills. They need to lighten up and roam free, to express themselves in ways  not dictated by their uptight, over-invested parents† (Rosin, 2011). In Rosin’s view, Chua’s version of success is ultimately very limiting. Rosin doesn’t argue that success is a negative thing in and of itself; however, her looser, freer approach suggests that it can be achieved differently. Another area where Rosin and Chua differ from each other is in their approach to self-esteem and the way in which parents should treat their children. Chua openly admits that it is common for Chinese parents to make comments to their children that Western parents find reprehensible, such as â€Å"Hey fatty, lose some weight†, or referring to a child as â€Å"garbage† (Chua, 2011). However, Chua defends these comments by arguing that in fact, Chinese parents speak in this way because ultimately, they believe that their children are capable of being the â€Å"best†. She contends that Chinese children know that their parents think highly of them, and criticize them only because they have high expectations and know that their children can meet them. Hannah Rosin disagrees. She says, â€Å"†¦there is no reason to believe that calling your child ‘lazy’ or ‘stupid’ or ‘worthless’ is a better way to motivate her to be good than some other more gentle but persistent mode’† (Rosin, 2011). She believes that a parent’s role is not to act as a harsh critic and task master, but rather to guide them through the inevitable difficulties of life that arise. Unlike Chua, Rosin is not concerned with forcing her children to be â€Å"the best†. Rather, she says that â€Å"It is better to have a happy, moderately successful child than a miserable high-achiever† (Rosin, 2011). It is in this area, pertaining to notions of happiness that Chua and Rosin depart most distinctly from each other. It can be argued that the idea of happiness is almost completely absent from Amy Chua’s template. Chua says, â€Å"Chinese parents believe that they know that is best for their children and therefore override all of their children’s own desires and preferences† (Chua, 2011). In other words, the feelings or preference of the child as an individual are lacking completely from the Chinese framework of parenting. The child’s happiness, or misery, is completely irrelevant, because the  parent is the supreme authority, acting in the child’s best interest. Chua claims, â€Å"It’s not that Chinese parents don’t care about their children , just the opposite. They would give up anything for their children† (Chua, 2011). However, the one thing that Chua and other parents will not give up is complete authoritarian control. Rosin takes an entirely different approach to the value of individual happiness. She observes that happiness does not come through being successful; furthermore, â€Å"happiness is the great human quest† (Rosin, 2011). Parents cannot possibly always be in a position to know what will make a child happy or not; children must work out their own path to happiness (Rosin, 2011). Rosin believes that an over-emphasis on perfection will not lead to greater happiness and may even create less happiness in the end. In conclusion, it is undeniable that both Amy Chua and Hannah Rosin love their children and believe that their approach to parenting is based on a desire to do what is best for those children. However, the two approaches present a sharp contrast to each other. Amy Chua believes that success, perfection and being â€Å"the best† are of paramount importance, and will ultimately build a child’s self-esteem (Chua, 2011). Hannah Rosin is critical of the harshness of the Chinese template and argues for a gentler approach, one that takes the natural interests and talent of the child into account (Rosin, 2011). Rosin notes that the idea of enjoyment or happiness is strikingly absent from Chua’s parenting style; in turn, Chua observes that many Western parents are disappointed with the choices that their children make in their lives (Rosin, 2011; Chua, 2011). It can be argued that both the Eastern approach and Western approach have a great deal to offer each other; a wise parent knows how to walk a middle ground.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Client Centered Therapy Essay -- Carl Rogers, Person Centered Therapy

It is inevitable that in psychotherapy there are numerous theories. Theories arise out of scholarly investigations of ideas on human behavior. Human behavior is an extraordinarily interesting subject and therefore produces a plethora of ideas from a variety of theorists. These theorists are influenced by their education, culture, and time period. One influential theorist is Carl Rogers. His contributions to human behavior have changed many of the theories that preceded him, and his theory contributed to many theories that followed. I want to explore Client/Person Centered Therapy. This is a type of therapy that was pioneered by Carl Rogers. This therapy is different because as the name suggests it solely focuses on the client. 'In focusing on the client, the client’s feelings are deeply explored. The assumption is however, that the client was never able to have their feelings heard by the people surrounding them. Person Centered Therapy would allow the client to then be able to express their feelings openly. According to Strupp (1971), â€Å"psychotherapeutic relationship is in principle indistinguishable from any good human relationship in which a person feels fully accepted, respected, and prized† (p. 39). Thus, there must be a therapeutic alliance between therapist and client. This therapeutic alliance should creative an environment for the client in which the client feels the therapist is judgment-free. I find that Roger's theory to be interesting and seemingly affective. It makes sense that a change in a clients negative relationship patterns would allow freedom for the client to express themselves emotionally. According to Strupp (1971), â€Å"The client, therefore, is not a patient who is sick and who is in need o... ...t's problems. Instead, it should permit the client to feel that she has support to dive into emotions she might have been afraid to do so before entering client centered therapy. It is interesting to note according to Raskin et al. ( 2011), â€Å"Our basic practice [client centered therapy] remains true to the core conditions no matter who our client may be. We also assert that our ability to form an initial therapeutic relationship depends on our own openness to and appreciation of respect for all kinds of difference† (p. 183). I believe that the cultural diversity that CCT maintains is important in a multiplicity open therapeutic environment. The implications for a non discriminatory form of therapy are that it can be used across populations. This allows for broader use of this theory and the chances for positive outcomes is increased because the availability.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Brain surgery and brain disorders

The encephalon may be the most of import portion of the organic structure, excepting the bosom. Without the encephalon the homo could non execute normal actions that differentiate worlds from other animate beings. Problem work outing and holding the capacity to ground are a twosome of illustration of this. Without the encephalon we could non walk, talk, hear, touch, or odor. The encephalon is astonishing in its ain manner because it has the ability to modify nervous connexions to better get by with new fortunes, which is defined as encephalon malleability. To better specify this, people use encephalon malleability when they have half their encephalon removed by surgery, to populate with one half of the encephalon. The encephalon will hold to take acquisition of anything wholly otherwise because it has this ability. Peoples who have encephalon tumours removed learn otherwise but merely every bit good due to malleability and are besides based on the upset and location of the surgery The encephalon is divided in hemispheres ( right and left ) and so into lobes. The chief lobes are the frontal lobes, temporal lobe, occipital, and parietal. The frontal lobe has to make with higher thought and has the ability to acknowledge future effects ensuing from current actions. The temporal lobe trades with the audile portion of the encephalon, besides known as hearing. The occipital lobe is the ocular processing centre of the encephalon. The parietal lobe ‘s map is process esthesis and perceptual experience. Of these lobes, there are so many different parts that the lobes are divided into. Learning mainly trades with the prefrontal cerebral mantle, intellectual cerebral mantle, striate body, amygdaloid nucleus, and the hippocampus. From these, the hippocampus plays an of import function in long-run memory and spacial pilotage. These parts form a system of cognitive memory. It besides forms a system of behavior memory, which is supported by the amygdaloid nucleus, stria te body, and the cerebellum. Our ability to larn and consciously retrieve mundane facts is called declaratory memory. When 1 has new experiences, information ab initio enters the on the job memory, a impermanent signifier of declaratory memory. Surveies on animate beings have shown that nerve cells in the prefrontal cerebral mantle maintain relevant information during working memory and can unite different sorts of centripetal information when required. To better understand how the encephalon accomplishes larning and memory, one must understand the narrative of a individual known by his initials, H.M. H.M. as a really immature male child developed terrible epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological upset characterized by recurrent motiveless ictuss. He received surgical intervention which involved the remotion of the median part ( in-between ) of the temporal lobe which in bend alleviated him of his ictuss. He now has terrible memory loss and can merely retrieve recent events for a few proceedingss and can non organize any memories of new experiences. Despite all of this, he can retrieve his childhood really good. From observations recorded of this, research workers concluded that the median part of the temporal lobe every bit good as the hippocampus play an of import function in change overing short term memories. Harmonizing to a survey in an article entitled â€Å" Mathematically talented kids: developmental encephalon features and their forecast for wellbeing † by Michael W. O'Boyle, patients who received encephalon surgery have seen consequences that to some may look dry. The right hemisphere controls the originative side in the human organic structure. The left hemisphere controls the logic side. Yet in this research, people who have tumor removed in their right hemisphere be given to be more originative than those of regular encephalons. Understanding the cause of the encephalon tumour may assist scientist and physicians likewise diagnose tumours in the hereafter without scans or biopsies. As of now the cause of primary encephalon tumours are unknown because they are rare, there are many types, and there are many possible hazard factors that could play a function in the visual aspect of the tumour. Some familial conditions increase the hazard of encephalon tumours, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Turcot syndrome. Tumors occur at any age, but many specific tumours have a peculiar age group in which they are most common. Testing for encephalon tumours may be most effectual when 1 shows symptoms but the physician is non 100 % certain about naming it as a encephalon tumour. Several types of trial may corroborate the presence of a encephalon tumour and place the location. The trial may be one of the followers: CT scan of the caput, EEG, CT-guided biopsy, scrutiny of intellectual spinal fluid, and MRI of the caput. On the right is the illustration of encephalon mestasis after the CT scan. Treatment of the encephalon tumour may affect surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment besides depends on the size, location, type of tumour, and general wellness of the patient. Goals of intervention are non ever the remedy of the tumours. Other ends may include alleviating symptoms and bettering encephalon map or the individual ‘s comfort. Obviously, surgery is necessary for most primary encephalon tumours. Some tumours may hold the ability to be wholly removed. Others deep inside the encephalon m ay be debulked, surgically taking portion of a malignant tumour, which can non be wholly removed. Complications of the remotion may include loss of the ability to interact or map, return of tumour growing, increased side effects of medicines which include chemotherapy, and increased side effects of radiation interventions Memory can be defined as the cognitive procedures whereby past experiences are retained and recalled. Memories can besides be divided up into many subdivisions. The most common 1s are the short-run and long term memories. There is besides one more in that fits in the general subdivisions of memories, which would be the centripetal registry. The centripetal registry is non thought of frequently but entails retaining information in a extremely accurate manner until new information of stimulation is present. Although this type of memory can take in a batch, the keeping of this is minimum ( up to ? 2nd for ocular memory and 2 seconds for audile memory ) . Memory does play an of import function in larning after encephalon upsets or surgeries. Depending on the location of the encephalon upset, memory may be processed otherwise. Harmonizing to an article entitled â€Å" Epilepsy Study Shows Memory Loss After Brain Surgery † by the web site â€Å" ScienceDaily † , post-surgical epilepsy patients have a important loss in verbal memory. This memory is associated with acquisition, callback, and acknowledgment. The article goes on to state that after three months, patients with surgery performed on either the right or left hemisphere showed marks of epilepsy. This ab initio was thought to be the consequence of the injury of surgery. However, 12 months subsequently 30-50 % of those patients who experienced surgery to the left temporal lobe showed no recovery of verbal memory, while patients who had surgery on the right side of their encephalon regained their memory. â€Å" Brain Surgery Boosts Memory For Parkinson ‘s Patients, University of Florida Research Shows † besides by â€Å" ScienceDaily † describes how people with Parkinson ‘s Disease are holding Pallidotomy surgery, which involves preciseness combustion of a little topographic point in the encephalon, provides alleviation for many patients from some of the shudders and musculus stiffness associated with the cardinal nervous system upset. Rehabilitation after the remotion of a encephalon tumour would likely include physical therapy, address therapy, and occupational therapy. Brain tumours and their intervention may do palsy. They may besides do failing and jobs with balance. Physical healers help patients recover strength and balance. Speech therapists aid patients who have problem speech production, showing ideas, or get downing. Occupational healers help patients larn to pull off activities of day-to-day life, such as feeding, utilizing the lavatory, bathing, and dressing. Children with encephalon tumours may hold particular demands. Sometimes kids have coachs in the infirmary or at place. Children who have jobs larning or retrieving what they learn may necessitate coachs or particular categories when and if they return to school. Not all surgery for encephalon tumours is safe. Harmonizing to an article entitled â€Å" Stereotactic Radiosurgery for metastatic encephalon tumours reduces hazards of acquisition and memory jobs: Addition of whole encephalon radiation to intervention regimen consequences in greater acquisition and memory jobs † by â€Å" The Medical News † describes how adding whole encephalon radiation to the Radiosurgery doubles the hazard of developing larning and memory jobs. Eric Chang M.D. depict how physicians are seeking to orient therapies for the specific patient, instead than the antique â€Å" one size fits all † attack. Location is an of import factor in remotion of the encephalon tumour. Brain tumour may non be malignant ( unsafe to wellness ; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growing ) and perchance lethal if the status does non distribute. Symptoms of encephalon tumours besides vary by location every bit good as size. Giliomas, malignant encephalon tumours, let go of the neurotransmitter glutamate at toxic concentrations. This kills off nerve cells in their locality, doing room for the tumour ‘s enlargement. The released glutamate explains ictuss arising from tissue environing the tumour. An spread outing tumour can increase force per unit area within the skull, doing concern, purging, ocular perturbations, and impaired mental operation. Peoples who have encephalon tumours removed are capable to larn merely every bit good as people with â€Å" normal † encephalons due to malleability can besides be based on the upset and location of the surgery. Without research of many, people would non be able to populate with half a encephalon as mentioned before. Research has besides shown that certain types of memory such as verbal memory do play an of import function in larning after encephalon upsets or surgeries. Without engineering progressing many could non hold preciseness combustion of a little topographic point in the encephalon which would assist those with Parkinson ‘s disease. But at the same clip non all encephalon surgeries are safe. Without instruction, people with normal would non cognize the capablenesss of those with encephalon tumours.Work CitedBlackwell Publishing Ltd.. â€Å" Epilepsy Study Shows Memory Loss After Brain Surgery. † ScienceDaily 14 October 2004. 31 October 2009 & A ; lt ; hy pertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2004/10/041014081055.htm & gt ; .â€Å" Brain tumour – grownups. † Google Health. Google. Web. 03 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.google.com/health/ref/Brain+tumor+-+adults & gt ; .â€Å" Brain Tumor Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Information on MedicineNet.com. † Medicine Net. Web. 01 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/brain_tumor/page9.htm & gt ; .â€Å" Brain tumour – . † Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Web. 04 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor & gt ; .O'Boyle, Michael W. â€Å" Mathematically Talented Children: Developmental Brain Characteristics and Their Prognosis for Well-Being. † ( 2009 ) : 187-95. 7 May 2009. Web. 31 Oct. 2009.Science for Neuroscience. Brain Facts. 8th erectile dysfunction. 2008. Print.University of Florida Hea lth Science Center. â€Å" Brain Surgery Boosts Memory For Parkinson ‘s Patients, University of Florida Research Shows. † ScienceDaily 21 April 1997. 31 October 2009 & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/1997/04/970421134656.htm & gt ; .Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. Psychology MyLab Edition ( 9th Edition ) . Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Business Proposal Essay

Market Structure and Elasticity The elasticity depends on if in a year Google sells over one million and stays under the competitor price of $80 dollars by Belkin Miracast then it can fluctuates it price to $50 per Chromecast. The elasticity of demand is once a manager knows the marginal cost, they should then set the price over marginal cost. This is the profit that the product will produce. The industry for Chromecast is to allow people the choice to go beyond the monopolistic competitive market structure such as Comcast to a lesser monopolized substitution for cable: Chromecast. Pricing Strategy based on Market Factors Having a strategy for Chromecast will address the competition and the day to day operations. Using cost leadership, differentiation and having focus will allow the pricing strategy to affect marginal cost and allow you to profit by selling more of the lower price item to focus in a on a smaller audience which will provide revenue in the future due to the differentiation that you have for your product and stepping out amongst your competitor to offer the lower price for the Chromecast. How will changes in the quantity supplied as a result of your pricing decision affect marginal cost and marginal revenue? Changes in Revenues and Costs Lead to Changes in Profits (Markup Pricing, 2014) We see here that if a company changes their price, it can lead to changes in the cost and revenue, the profit is equal to the change in revenue minus the change in cost—that is, the change in profit is marginal revenue minus marginal cost. When marginal revenue equals marginal cost, the change in profit is zero, so a firm is at the top of the profit hill (Markup Pricing, 2014). Non Pricing Strategy The non-pricing strategy can be used for Chromecast to gain sales due to many customers valueing quality over cost, consumers want to know that if they pour money into something that they are getting what they paid for and expect more from the product than they paid for. The non pricing strategies that will be used in determinning the increased barrier to entry from the normal price slashing will be network effects, compactability to be able to ownership of control of a key resource, high set up cost, advertising, and finally having a strong brand. Having a pricing entry of $35 dollars is an impluse to buying the device, but the non pricing strategy can be the most potent strategic weapon, â€Å"Chrome is a focus at Google; Android is an  afterthought,† (Keizer, 2013). Another non pricing strategy is the simplicity rules that Chromecast leverages demonstrable consumer behavior with wireless media recievers, and marries that with the mobile ecosystem (PBS, 2014). Economic cost concepts and how could changes in your business operations alter the mix of fixed and variable costs in line with your strategy? Everything has a cost, deciding on if that cost is something a company can control can be a challenge to the business, looking at fixed cost and variable cost, such as interest paid back on a car loan it’s the same. Can the money be controlled such as fixed cost, or does the needle money the money for a variable amount. A few examples of a fixed cost is rent on a building to be able to make the product and depreciation over time. This can lead to knowing what the cost will be advance for the product and how it factors into the profit will lead a company to understanding more about their product and the overall outcome of how it affect the budget. A few variable cost involved with the product can have a cost of labor, this can change due to the experience of the workers and overtime that meets the demand of the time sensitive product to release to the world. Cost of labor can change and factoring this into your budget is a must to formulate your budget, hence every year cost of labor goes up if you give raises or bonuses. Another demanding variable cost is the shipping and delivery charges, if your are shipping all over the world and products have to go thru customs, then the price goes up, factoring a baseline for the product will help a business calculate the plan for the business and allow a budget to be factored into the everyday profits that the product produces. Conclusion Overall, Chromecast is a product of Google and allows a choice for the over demanding cable industry. Giving your customers a choice promotes respect and loyalty, in this business proposal the topics of economic principles were presented and statements about the market structure and the elasticity of demand for the good or service. Chromecast is a thumb- sized media streaming device that plugs into the HDMI port on your TV. Set it up with a simple mobile app, then send your favorite online shows, movies, music and more to your TV using your smartphone , tablet or laptop. Chromecast is remote free and as simple as a plug and play and only cost  $35. In this business proposal the market structure and elasticity of the product was identified, the following questions were answered: How will pricing relate to elasticity of your product? How will changes in the quantity supplied as a result of your pricing decisions affect marginal cost and marginal revenue? Besides your pricing decisions, what are your suggested nonpricing strategies? What nonpricing strategies will you use to increase barriers to entry? How could changes in your business operations alter the mix of fixed and variable costs in line with your strategy? The proposal demonstrated an understanding of the uses of product differentiation by not allowing certain content to be streamlined to your television and native apps or services installed in the product (Google, 2014). References Google. (2014). Keizer, G. (2013). Computerworld. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9241170/With_Chromecast_Google_reveals_Chrome_as_its_strategic_big_gun Markup Pricing. (2014). Retrieved from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/theory-and-applications-of-microeconomics/s10-04-markup-pricing-combining-margi.html McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. PBS. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2013/07/5-reasons-google-chromecast-will-transform-tv/

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Being blind essays

Being blind essays The twenty minute experiment that was done in English class allowed me to see the world clearer. In class we were blind folded and asked to negotiate ourselves, with the help of a classmate, around school. The simplest task were turned into complex events due to the poor experience my other senses had.. With all the hassle of doing such simple tasks, there were many learning opportunities and experiences to gain. Things that were overlooked on previous days were now used to negotiate obstacles. The experience I gained only helped me to realize how valuable sight is. The smallest tasks that were once done without thinking twice, were turned into nearly impossible missions for my untrained secondary skills. Smell, touch and hearing were set aside for my more dominant seeing ability. Tasks, such as walking down the hall or trying to negotiate the stairs were turned uncertainties. Besides my senses, I had my classmate to make sure I didnt get into too much trouble. Although, I had confidence in my classmate it was still very difficult to trust someone with your life. I had relied mainly on my vision for nineteen years my secondary senses were weak and incapable of guiding me through the hour. I am a very self-reliant person who likes to know exactly what is going on. I normally need to know where everything is and how to avoid problems. When I lose my main information gatherer, my vision, I feel insecure because I dont full know what is giong on around me. It is hard for me to gain and it is very hard to trust someone who I just recently met. The only thing that kept me a little sane was my other senses. Even though they were not as sharp as I would like them to be they allowed me to negotiate the campus mayhem. During the activity there were many small, inconspicuous events that I had not picked up on prior to being blindfolded. These little things which once were overlooked now bec...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Japanese School System Facts

Japanese School System Facts The Japanese educational system was reformed after World War II. The old 6-5-3-3 system was changed to a 6-3-3-4 system (6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school and 4 years of University) with reference to the American system. The gimukyoiku ç ¾ ©Ã¥â€¹â„¢Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ² (compulsory education) time period is 9 years, 6 in shougakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (elementary school) and 3 in chuugakkou ä ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (junior high school). Japan has one of the worlds best-educated populations, with 100% enrollment in compulsory grades and zero illiteracy. While not compulsory, high school (koukou é «ËœÃ¦   ¡) enrollment is over 96% nationwide and nearly 100% in the cities. The high school drop out rate is about 2% and has been increasing. About 46% of all high school graduates go on to university or junior college. The Ministry of Education closely supervises curriculum, textbooks, and classes and maintains a uniform level of education throughout the country. As a result, a high standard of education is possible. Student Life Most schools operate on a three-term system with the new year starting in April. The modern educational system started in 1872 and is modeled after the French school system, which begins in April. The fiscal year in Japan also begins in April and ends in March of the following year, which is more convenient in many aspects. April is the height of spring when cherry blossoms  (the most loved flower of the Japanese!) bloom and the most suitable time for a new start in Japan. This difference in the school-year system causes some inconvenience to students who wish to study abroad in the U.S. A half-year is wasted waiting to get in and often another year is wasted when coming back to the Japanese university system and having to repeat a year. Except for the lower grades of elementary school, the average school day on weekdays is 6 hours, which makes it one of the longest school days in the world. Even after school lets out, the children have drills and other homework to keep them busy. Vacations are 6 weeks in the summer and about 2 weeks each for winter and spring breaks. There is often homework over these vacations.   Every class has its own fixed classroom where its students take all the courses, except for practical training and laboratory work. During elementary education, in most cases, one teacher teaches all the subjects in each class. As a result of the rapid population growth after World War II, the numbers of students in a typical elementary or junior high school class once exceeded 50 students, but now it is kept under 40. At public elementary and junior high school, school lunch (kyuushoku ç µ ¦Ã© £Å¸) is provided on a standardized menu, and it is eaten in the classroom. Nearly all junior high schools require their students to wear a school uniform (seifuku åˆ ¶Ã¦Å" ). A big difference between the Japanese school system and the American School system is that Americans respect individuality while the Japanese control the individual by observing group rules. This helps to explain the Japanese characteristic of group behavior. Translation Exercise Because of the rapid population growth after World War II, the number of students in a typical elementary or junior high school once exceeded 50.  Dainiji sekai taisen no ato no kyuugekina jinkou zouka no tame, tenkeitekina shou-chuu gakkou no seitosu wa katsute go-juu nin o koemashita.ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£  ®Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ªÃ¤ º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ  Ã£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥ ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ °Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  ¦Ã¤ º ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Grammar ~no tame means because of ~. I didnt go to work because of a cold.Kaze no tame, shigoto ni ikimasen deshita.é ¢ ¨Ã©â€š ªÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Vocabulary dainiji sekai taisen ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦ World War II ato 㠁‚㠁 ¨ after kyuugekina æ€ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ª rapid jinkou zouka ä º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ   population growth tenkeitekina å… ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ª typical shou chuu gakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ elementary and junior high schools seitosuu 生å ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ ° the numbers of students katsute 㠁‹ã  ¤Ã£  ¦ once go-juu ä ºâ€Ã¥   fifty koeru è ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ to exceed

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Starting a Business Online Part 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Starting a Business Online Part 2 - Term Paper Example This is because our domain provides has given a very good reputation for our business despite being new in the domain. The domain has acted us a promotional avenue where it draws the potential clients and the well displayed contents encourages people to choose or buy service from the website. Determining whether to sell or not a domain name depends on the business value of the domain name (Kalakota & Robinson 2003).   A domain valuation is a key tool of determining the value of the website. The process is relatively complex for individuals who do not have experience. The URL brokers are very critical aspects in determining the domain value. I will turn down the offer to sell the domain name since it will have negative implication on the business. The business sell will drop down if we sell the domain name. Moreover, finding our business in the internet will be very cumbersome. The reputation and the hard work that has been invested in the business to make the business credible and relevant will be hugely jeopardized. Most companies which have excelled in terms of domain have supplied a lot of determination and hard work. The usability and the convenience of the software used in e-commerce is a very critical aspect when it comes attracting and maintaining. The however most software developers do not consider when they are developing their systems. Usability is how the easy the users can use the module of a system. If the module for example the catalogue module is simple and clear, then it can attract the attention of the user. How organized the module is assisting the users in accomplishing their task with a lot of simplicity. The availability of effective shopping cart abilities is critical in ensuring that the customer’s purchasing via internet is increased. Lack of an effective shopping card result less sells and waste of time. The module ensures automation of the complete shopping process. This makes the whole purchasing process simple and automated . Shopping card saves money, time and makes the happy. The criteria of creating a shopping are very critical since the usability and the effectiveness of a shopping process is very crucial. The processing of purchasing transaction process is equally important. The transaction process starts from ordering, processing, payment and delivering process. The procedure should b short and clearly so the records of all the procedures are recorded and processed in an effective manner. Moreover, the processing of the purchase involves the transfer of money. The security of the payment processing is critical since the security of money is very crucial. The web usability can be increased by ensuring that the all the usability features of the different section are effectively attended to. For instance, the ability of a customer to go through the ordering process within the shortest time possible assists in attracting more and maintaining those who have used the service. The most effective ways of improving the usability of a website is by increasing web traffic, SEO and market segmentation. Search engine optimization is the best way of improving the traffic. Search engine optimization is a method used to increase the traffic to a website using techniques which raises the ranking of you search engine in the website. The technique is related to Google. Some of the aspects which are considering in maximizing search engine include: Check out- the web manager should

Thursday, October 31, 2019

The sustainability of Organizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The sustainability of Organizing - Essay Example It is this trust that helps an organization to be fruitful and develop. By using the word 'trust' it is not meant to be applicable to any specific firm or individual. It is not only applicable towards clients and suppliers but it is relevant to everybody associated with the company or organization. This principle could be formulated into a HR technique that would yield surplus in the long run. Trust is not just about the stake holders of the company but more so it is applicable towards its employees too. There is no meaning of showing a bright future where there is none; rather it would be far more positive attitude to reveal everything that is true about the organization. It is not only a moral approach but a trust building operation that would prove to be helpful in future and a HR manager would never let go a chance to win the faith of a worker. (Mukherjee, 28) Revealing the open truth about the company is the most effective way of taking an employee into complete confidence. If the statement 'man is a social animal' is true then this management principal would be the best possible relevant example of it. Consider this- every individual is shaped by the virtue of his or her environment (Lamb, 23). Therefore it is obvious that an employee would be governed by the nature of workplace he or she is associated with.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Wireless Protocol Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless Protocol Standards - Essay Example WAP also brought in improved security factors propagated by mobility. If we look into the areas where WAP based services is used today it can be said that it is used in banking services, stock exchange, hotel reservations, bus schedules, Internet access and e-mail, will be accessible by general mobile phones. WAP helps easy and quick delivery of relevant information and services to mobile users with wireless terminals. However, the main disadvantage is that it comes with limited displays and data transfer capabilities. In fact WAP is an arrangement that is made for a set of communication protocols to standardize the way in which cellular devices use Internet access, together with World Wide Web, news groups, e-mail and IRC (Paukkunen, 1999). Over the years several such standards have evolved and this paper intends to discuss some of them in detail. 802.11 standards: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the year 1997 created the first WLAN standard and it was named 802.11 after the name of the group formed to oversee its development. However, soon the disadvantage of using 802.11 came into picture and it was found that 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps. As a result of this the information transfer was too slow for most applications. Today, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer manufactured due to the lack of demand (Mitchell, 2008). 802.11b: As the technology advanced IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999 and created the 802.11b specification. It was found that 802.11b supports bandwidth up to 11 Mbps when comparable to traditional Ethernet. Similar to 802.11, 802.11b uses the unregulated radio signalling frequency (2.4 GHz). As a result of lower frequencies, this is common among vendors particularly to lower their production costs. The use of 802.11b has some disadvantages. For instance, being unregulated, 802.11b device can incur hindrance from other devices such as

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Security system for DNS using cryptography

Security system for DNS using cryptography 1. Introduction Scope Of The Project The domain name system has become a serious equipped part of the Internet communications, though it doesn’t contain secured mechanism to guarantee data integration or verification. Extensions to DNS provides services to security awares resolves are applications through the Cryptographic digital signatures which are included as resource records and also provides storage of valid public keys in the DNS which support general public key distribution services and also DNS security. The stored keys make security aware resolvers to know authenticating key of zone and these keys can be used to maintain other protocols and extensions gives for the authenticating DNS protocol transactions also. DNS provides security using the concepts of Digital signature and Asymmetric key cryptography. In this asymmetric key is send as a substitute of private key. DNS security uses message digest algorithm to compact message and PRNG (pseudo random number generator) algorithm in order to generate this public and private key. Signature which is formed by combining message with the private key using DSA Algorithm is send along with public key To form a signature receiver makes use of the public key and DSA Algorithm. If the received message signature is matched then that message is decrypted and will be read or else it will be discarded. Problem Statement Authenticity is based on entity identification where the entity is genuine. In many network applications entity can be identified by name or addresses. In high level applications names are used for authentication as the address lists are difficult to create, to understand and also for maintaining Assume if an entity wants to take off other entity identification, then it is enough to change mapping between low level address and its high level name which means that attacker can forge someone’s name by changing the address associated from his name to those name he wants to takeoff. If this happens an authenticator cannot differentiate between the correct and false entity. 2. Overview Of The DNS In order to connect a system which supports IP then the initiating host should know the IP address before only which is a 32-bit number and it represents the system location in a network and this address is divided into four octets which are separated by a dot character(â€Å".†) and each octet is represented by a decimal number. Though it is easier to remember this four decimal numbers than thirty two 1’s and 0’s,a limit as to how many IP addresses can be remembered by a person without any directory support. Directory basically assigns hosts names to IP addresses . The Stanford Research Institute’s Network Information Center (SRI-NIC) became the responsible authority for maintaining unique host names for the Internet. The SRI-NIC maintained a single file, called hosts.txt, and sites would continuously update SRI-NIC with their host name to IP address mappings to add to, delete from, or change in the file. As the Internet grew rapidly, managing the files become difficult and also the hostnames required to be unique allover the worldwide internet. As the internet size increases the guarantee the uniqueness of host name became impossible. The need for hierarchical naming structure and distributed management of host names lead for the creation of a new networking protocol that was flexible enough for use on a global scale [ALIU]. Internet distributed database is created and this maps the computer system’s names with their respective numerical IP network address. This Internet lookup facility is the DNS. Delegation of authority is important to the distributed database. No single organization is responsible for host name to IP address mappings for longer, but somewhat those sites that are responsible for maintaining host names for their organization(s) can gain that control again. Fundamentals Of DNS The DNS not only supports host name to network address resolution, known as forward resolution, but also network address to host name resolution, known as inverse resolution. This ability of mapping human memorable system names into computer network numerical addresses, its dispersed nature, and its strength, the DNS has become a vital component of the Internet. Without DNS, the only way to reach other computers on the Internet is to use the numerical network address. Connecting a distant computer system using IP addresses is not much user-friendly illustration of a system’s location on the Internet and thus the DNS is heavily relied upon to get back an IP address by referencing just a computer systems Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). A FQDN is mainly a DNS host name which represents where to decide this host name within the DNS hierarchy. Related Works The Domain Name Space The DNS is a hierarchical tree structure. Its root node is known as the root domain. A label in a DNS name directly corresponds with a node in the DNS tree structure. A label is an alphanumeric string that exclusively identifies that node from its brothers. Dot notation (â€Å".†) is used to connect labels together and labels are written from left to right. A DNS name that contains several labels represents its path along the tree to the root. Only one zero length labels are accepted and reserved for the root of the tree. This is referred to as the root zone. As the length of the root label is zero, all FQDNs end in a dot [RFC 1034]. As a tree is traversed in an rising manner (i.e., from the leaf nodes to the root), the nodes become increasingly less specific (i.e., the leftmost label is most specific and the right most label is least specific). Typically in an FQDN, the host name is the left most label , while the next label to the right is the local domain to which the host belongs. The local domain can be a sub domain of another domain. The name of the parent domain is then the next label to the right of the sub domain (i.e., local domain) name label, and so on, till the root of the tree is reached   When the DNS is used to record an IP address back into a host name (i.e., inverse resolution), makes use of the same scheme of labels from left to right (i.e., most specific to least specific) when writing the IP address. This is in contrast to the typical demonstration of an IP address whose dotted decimal notation from left to right is least specific to most specific. For this, IP addresses in the DNS are usually represented in reverse order. IP addresses comes under a special DNS top level domain (TLD), known as the in-addr.arpa domain. By doing this, using IP addresses to find DNS host names are handled just like DNS host name lookups to find IP addresses. DNS Components The DNS has three major components, the database, the server, and the client [RFC 1034]. The database is a distributed database and comprises of the Domain Name Space, which is basically the DNS tree, and the Resource Records (RRs) that define the domain names within the Domain Name Space. The server is generally referred to as a name server that is usually responsible for organizing some portion of the Domain Name Space and also for supporting clients in finding information within the DNS tree. Name servers are authoritative for the domains in which they are responsible. They serve as a delegation point to identify other name servers that have authority over sub domains within a given domain. The zone information is the RR data found on the name server that makes up a domain Thus, name servers have zones of authority. A single zone can either be a forward zone (i.e., zone information that pertains to a given domain) or an inverse zone (i.e., zone information that maps IP addresses into DNS host names). DNS allows more than one name server per zone, but only one name server can be the primary server for the zone. Changes to the data for a zone takes place in Primary servers. Copies of the primary server’s database are maintained in all other name servers for a zone. These servers are called as secondary servers. . A DNS RR has 6 fields: NAME, TYPE, CLASS, TTL, RD Length, and RDATA. The NAME field holds the DNS name, to which the RR belongs. The TYPE field is the TYPE of RR. This field is necessary as it is common for a DNS name to have more than one type of RR. The more common types of RR are found in The CLASS in this case is IN and it stands for Internet. Other classes also exist but are omitted for brevity. The TTL is the time, in seconds, that a name server can cache a RR. A zero time to live means that a server is not to cache the RR. RD Length is the length of the RDATA field in octets. The RDATA field is the resource data field which is defined for each TYPE of RR uniquely, but in common it can be considered as the value into which the entity specified in the NAME field maps. The NAME field can be thought of as the subject of a query, although this is not always the case, in RDATA field the answer is the contained data (even though the entire RR is returned in a DNS response) [RFC 1035]. RRs are grouped into resources records sets (RRSets). RRSets contain 0 or more RRs [RFC 2136] that have the same DNS name, class, and type, but (i.e., RDATA) different data. If the name, type, class and data are the same, for two or more records then there exists a duplicate record for the same DNS name. Name servers should suppress duplicate records [RFC 2181]. The Figure 3 shows an example of an RRSet. The client component of the DNS typically contains software routines, known as functions that are responsible for requesting information from the Domain Name Space on behalf of an application. These functions are bundled collectively into a software library, commonly referred as the resolver library. For this reason, clients are often called resolvers and resolver documentation functions are dependable for sending a query to a name server requesting information concerning a DNS name and returning the answer to the query back to the requestor. DNS Transactions DNS transactions occur continuously across the Internet. DNS zone transfers and DNS queries/responses are the two most common transactions. A DNS zone transfer occurs when the secondary server updates its copy of a zone for which it is authoritative. The secondary server makes use of information it has on the zone, namely the serial number, and checks to see if the primary server has a more recent version. If it does, the secondary server retrieves a new copy of the zone. A DNS query is answered by a DNS response. Resolvers use a finite list of name servers, usually not more than three, to find out where to send queries. If the first name server in the list is available to answer the query, than the others in the list are never consulted. If it is unavailable, each name server in the list is consulted until a name server that can return an answer to the query found. The name server that receives a query from a client can act on behalf of the client to resolve the query. Then the name server can inquiry other name servers one at a time, with each server consulted being most likely closer to the answer. The name server that has the answer sends a response back to the original name server, which then can store the response and send the answer back to the client. Once an answer is cached, a DNS server can use the cached information when responding to consequent queries for the same DNS information. Caching makes the DNS more capable, especially when under heavy load. This efficiency gain has its tradeoffs; the most important is in security. Proposed System Taking the above existing system into concern the best solution is using Pseudo Random Number Generator for generating Key Pair in a quick and more secured manner. We use MD5 (or) SHA-1 for producing Message Digest and Compressing the message. Signature is created using Private Key and Message Digest that is transmitted along with the Public Key. The transfer of the packets from each System to System is shown using Graphical User Interface (GUI). Each time the System get the message, it verifies the IPAddress of the sender and if match is not found then discards it. For verification, the Destination System generates Signature using Public Key and DSA Algorithm and verifies it with received one. If it matches it Decrypts else it discards. The Following functions avoid the pitfalls of the existing system. Fast and efficient work Ease of access to system Manual effort is reduced 3. DNSSEC In 1994, the IETF formed a working group to provide the security issues in the DNS protocol are surrounding the DNS. And these extensions are referred commonly to as DNSSEC extensions. These security enhancements to the protocol are designed to be interoperable with non-security aware implementations of DNS. The IETF achieved this by using the RR construct in the DNS that was knowingly designed to be extensible. The WG defined a new set of RRs to hold the security information that provides strong security to DNS zones wishing to implement DNSSEC. These new RR types are used in combination with existing types of Resource Records. This allows answers to queries for DNS security information belonging to a zone that is protected by DNSSEC to be supported through non-security aware DNS servers. In order to gain widespread approval, the IETF DNSSEC WG acknowledged that DNSSEC must provide backwards compatibly and must have the capability to co-exist with non-secure DNS implementations. This allows for sites to move around to DNSSEC when ready and allows less difficulty when upgrading. This also means that client side software that are not DNSSEC aware can still correctly process RRSets received from a DNSSEC server [CHAR]. In March of 1997, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) met in order to discuss the development of Internet security architecture. Existing security mechanisms and those that are under development, but have not yet become values, that can play a part in the security architecture were identified in this meeting.. They even found the areas where adequate security cannot be achieved using existing security tools. Core security necessities for the Internet security structural design was recognized in this meeting. DNSSEC is one of the security protocols recognized as core and the protection that it provides false cache information against injection information is important to the core security requirements of the Internet [RFC 2316]. DNSSEC Objectives: A basic principle of the DNS is that it is a public service. It requires accurate and steady responses to queries, but the data considered as public data. As such, it is existed in integrity and for validation, but not for access control and privacy. Thus, the objectives of DNSSEC are to provide authentication and integrity to the DNS. Authentication and integrity of information held within DNS zones is generated through the use of public key technology and provided through the use of cryptographic signatures. Security aware servers, resolvers, and applications can then take advantage of this technology to guarantee that the information obtained from a security aware DNS server is true and has not been changed. Although the DNSSEC WG chose not to provide confidentiality to DNS connections, they did not remove the ability to provide support for confidentiality. Other applications outside of the DNS may choose to use the public keys contained within the DNS to provide confidentiality. Thus the DNS, in real meaning, can become a worldwide public key distribution mechanism. Issues such as cryptographic export are not, and may never be, solved worldwide; however, the DNS provides mechanisms to have multiple keys, each from a different cryptographic algorithm for a given DNS name, as a means to help improve this problem. Performance Considerations: Performance issues are a concern for the security extensions to the DNS protocol and several aspects in the design of DNSSEC are besieged to avoid the overhead linked with processing the extensions. For example, formulating another query that asks for the signature belonging to the RRSet just retrieved is not necessarily the most efficient way to regain a signature for the RRSet. This additional query is avoided whenever possible by allowing information retrieved from secured zones to be accompanied by the signature(s) and key(s) that authenticate the information. DNSSEC Scope: The scope of the security extensions to the DNS can be summarized into three services: key distribution, data origin authentication, and transaction and request authentication. Key Distribution: The key distribution service allows for the recovery of the public key of a DNS name to confirm the authenticity of the DNS zone data, and it also provides a means through which any key linked with a DNS name can be used for purposes other than DNS. The public key distribution service supports several different types of keys and key algorithms. Data Origin Authentication: Data origin authentication is the heart of the design of DNSSEC. It mitigates such threats as cache poisoning and zone data compromise on a Domain Name System server. The Resource Record Sets within a zone are cryptographically signed and thereby giving a high level of assurance to resolvers and servers that the data just received can be trusted. Digital signature technology which contains the encrypted hash of the RRSet that is a data in the RRSet, it is the cryptographic checksum is used by DNSSEC to sign DNS RRSet. The hash is signed (i.e., digitally encrypted) using a private key belonging to the designer of the information, known as the signer or the signing authority. The digital signature is checked by the receiver of the RRSet against the data received in the RRSet. This is done by first decrypting the digital signature using the public key of the signer to get the original hash of the data. Then using the same cryptographic checksum algorithm, the recipient computes its own hash on the RRset data and the results of the hash found in the digital signature are compared with the hash just computed. If the values of the two hash matches, then the data has consistency and the origin of the data is true [CHAR]. DNS Transaction And Request Authentication: DNS requests and DNS message headers can be verified using DNS transaction and request confirmation. This guarantees that the answer is in response to the original query and that the response came from the server for which the query was intended. Thus the assurance for both can be done in one step. Part of the information, signature produced from the concatenation of the query and response is returned in a response to a query from a security aware server. This allows a security aware resolver to perform any necessary verification concerning the transaction can be performed by the security aware resolver Another use of transaction and request verification is for DNS Dynamic Updates. Without DNSSEC, DNS Dynamic Update does not provide a mechanism that prohibits any system with access to a DNS reliable server from updating zone information. In order to provide security for such modifications, Secure DNS Dynamic Update incorporates DNSSEC to give strong verification for systems allowed to dynamically manipulate DNS zone information on the primary server [RFC 2137]. DNSSEC Resource Records: The IETF created several new DNS RRs to maintain the security capabilities provided by DNSSEC extensions. The RRs related to the DNS are the KEY RR, SIG RR, and the NXT RR. DNSSEC utilizes the KEY RR for storing cryptographic public keys, one public key per KEY RR. It is the KEY RR that is used for proof of a DNS RRSet’s signature. SIG RR contains the signature for a RRSet that is used to prove the authenticity and integrity of the information in the RRSet. The NXT RR is the nonexistent RR and is used to cryptographically assert the nonexistence of a RRSet. CERT RR is another RR that does not bring any additional security functions to the DNS, but is provided so that public key certificates can be kept within the DNS for use in applications outside of the DNS [RFC 2538]. In much the same way an application wishing to communicate with a distant IP host generates a query to resolve the host name, a security application wishing to make encryption with another entity, generates a CERT query to getback the entity’s public key certificate. For further explanation on KEY, SIG, and NXT RRs and their RDATA fields and flags not contained herein, please reference RFC 2535 and related documents. KEY RR KEYRR contains the key for a DNS name. Any type of query for a DNS name, found in a secured zone, results in a response that contains the answer to the query. The KEY RR linked with the DNS name can accompany this response. The KEYRR is used to validate the data by the resolver that generated the query without sending another query for the Key RR and there by reducing the queries required for a DNS name in a secured zone. KEY RR is used by DNSSEC for storing cryptographic public keys; though, it is not a public key certificate. Instead, the CERT RR stores public key certificates. The key found in the RDATA section of the KEY RR belongs to the DNS name that is listed first in the KEY RR .The owner name can represent a zone, a host, a user, et al. The Key RR contains information regarding the security characteristics of the key and it’s allowed usage for the given owner name. security information such as the public key, algorithm type, protocol type, and flags that specify such things whether the DNS name has a public key or not are provided by Key RR. The actual format of the public key found in the RDATA section of the KEY RR is determined by the public key algorithm. Many key algorithms are supported and are defined in RFC 2535 as RSA/MD5, Diffie-Hellman, and Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), and the elliptic curve algorithm. Only DSA support is compulsory. The protocol octet is another field that indicates for which protocol the public key is valid. TLS, email, DNSSEC, and IPsec are some of the previously assigned protocols. As both the public key algorithm field and the protocol octet is an 8-bit field, theoretically up to 255 different algorithms and 255 different protocols can be used in combination with the pub lic key. Out of the sixteen bits used for setting various flags two bits are known as the type bits. All four combinations of the type bits show the usage of KEY RR. They are confidentiality, authentication, confidentiality and authentication, or none. The last one indicates a key does not exist for the DNS name. In this way, one can cryptographically states that the given owner name does not have a key though it is in a secure zone. Other two bits are used to identify three kinds of entities for which this key belongs, such as user, zone, or something that is not a zone. Indicating a host with these flags is actually done by using the flags to indicate that the Information of the DNS zone which is on the primary server. Thus a host is implied rather than specified by the flags. SIG RR: SIG RR is another resource record type. It contains a signature and also provides verification for an RRSet and the signature’s validity time. In a secure zone, an RRSet has one or more SIG RR associated with it and this scenario of having more than one SIG RR for a given RRSet arises if more than one cryptographic algorithm is used for signing the RRSet. Some sites may choose to do this for issues such as cryptographic export restrictions. RDATA section of a SIG RR has a number of fields. In the signature field the signature is belonged to a specific RR. A type covered field is used to indicate the RRtype of the RRSet (NS, MX, PTR, etc.). The signer’s field contains the signer’s name which a resolver or server should know for verifying the signature. The SIG RR has an algorithm field and it is identical to that KEY RR. Since signatures have termination times, as do individual RRs, the SIG RR has numerous time fields. The SIG RRs used for request authentication and transactions and for these are specially the target of a query, security attentive servers try to include in the response the SIG RRs needed to authenticate the Resource Record Set. Hence, a server will receive an answer to an RRSet and it is belonging to a secure zone that does not have the SIG RR. This situation can normally happen when a size limitation is exceeded due to the SIG RR or when a response comes from a non-security aware server. Under these circumstances, the security aware server is essential for another query especially requesting any missing SIG RRs required concluding the confirmation process. NXT RR: DNS provide the ability to cache negative responses. In the RRSet negative response does not exist for a query. DNSSEC provides signatures for these nonexistent RRSets, so these nonexistence RRSets in a zone can be authenticated. By using the NXT RR that is used to identify a variety of DNS names that are not available or for an existing DNS name a wide range of RR types that are unavailable. For nonexistent DNS names two possibilities are exist. First one is that the DNS names don’t contain any RRs; it simply may not exist. The other one is that the RR type in the query does not exist, but the DNS name will be exists. And in this all the records are arranged in alphabetical order to handles the proof of non existence of a DNS name. This method is used for canonical order and is defined in RFC 2535. Then when a query is received for a nonexistent name, after the name in the query is sent back a NXT RR containing the DNS name of the next DNS RRSet occurring canonically or alphabetically†. With the DNS name a NXT record is sent back and the RR types that the name does in fact has to handle a proof of nonexistence of a RR type for an accessible DNS name . When SIGRRs are generated for a zone the entire NXTRRs for a zone should be generated. Within the DNS Security conscious DNS servers are the source of all security-related information. Three main functions of any primary DNS server are managing the caching of DNS information and managing authoritative zone information and respond to client queries. A primary DNS server has more responsibilities to each of these functions because of security conscious. In a zone’s master database file security aware server includes the addition of SIG, KEY, and NXT RRs for an Authoritative zone information management system. The RRSets is generated for the SIG RRs and these are belonging to a zone. For generating the SIG belongs to the zone we are using a private key and itself as these private keys of servers are mostly found in on-line, it is feasible that these keys could be compromised. In contrast, the zone’s private key is reserved off-line for the majority purposes, so its compromise is less likely and the power of the data is further certain and is retrieved occasi onally to re-sign all the records found within the zone. Once the new SIG RRs are generated they are included with the rest of the information in the zone’s master file and whenever SIGRRs are generated these NXT RRs should also be generated on the server and is located into a zone’s master file. At the server side on-line signing also occurred. For DNS queries the transactions and request authentication, the server preparing the reply and that reply must use its private key and that private key is for signing. Moderately the zone key since it is reserved off-line. In the other case in which a zone key is not used for signing is for transaction. For dynamic updates the request authentication is used. The private key of the host creating the request and that request must be used. In very rare cases as DNS queries and active update requests can occur, the signer’s private keys must be maintained on-line. The protection of these on-line private keys is of extreme significance; though these are protected ahead of the scope of the paper. RFC 2541 discusses the operational considerations of SIG RR and KEY. A security aware server must properly control the caching of all security related RRs for doing a caching. The maintaining of a four cache states starts with the extra duty in caching of a security aware server starts. One state, which has a succeeding state in a non-security aware server, is Bad. When a bad reply is received the information contained in that is some way corrupt, and a non-security aware server throws away the reply message without caching it (and typically logs the event) in a non-security aware server. In much the same way, a security aware server can throw away a bad response, but in this case, a bad response means that the SIG RR verifications are failed on the data. Even still the RRSet in the response may look valid, and with the related signature fault of the data checks is a severe condition. In the RRSet Authenticated, Pending and Insecure are the other three states. There is no available data to use to ensure the accurateness of the RRSet in Insecure state. It does not mean the data is bad, just that it cannot be authenticated. This usually occurs from non-secured zones for RRSets. The RRSet cached has been fully definite through the use of the SIG RRs and KEY RRs is called Authentication. The cached data is still in the course of being checked is called pending. When to expire a cached RRSet another server task is caching. Once an RRSet is cached, a count down to zero from the original TTL is started and it is maintained for the cached record. The RRSet is separated from the cache once zero is reached. The cache has changed a slight for security aware servers. When a cached RRSet is expired the TTL could not be the only time to find out the cache. Two new times are now used in addition to the TTL and these finally decide when to expire the RRSet from the cache. The new times are used to find when the signature’s validity time period for the authenticated RRSet expires, rather than just when the RRSet should be expired. These original times are kept in the SIG RR and are known as the signature begins time and the signature end time. For security aware clients and server this information is distant more essential on which to base expiration since it is cryptographically declared. Since the signature end time seems have a link to the TTL , the TTL field cannot be removed due to the backward compatibility issues. For expiring valid RRSets TTL aging is still integrated. If the TTL expires earlier to the signature end time, and the RRSet is decomposed when the TTL strikes zero, the TTL is decremented as normal. If the signature expiration time occurs previous to when the TTL expire, the TTL is familiar to the signature end time and then the normal countdown of the TTL is continued. Both security aware and security unaware resolvers involve answering queries, when a client is responses to a query. In a secured zone the non security aware resolver produces a query and sends it to a security aware server for gaining the information. With either valid or timid data the security aware servers can respond. The checking disabled (CD) flag is set when a security aware server sends the pending data. The security aware server knows not to send Pending data since a resolver not participating in DNSSEC in no way sets the CD flag in a DNS query. The security unaware resolver processes the reply message as common, since sending insecure data is same as DNS without DNSSEC. The security unaware resolver ignores the additional security information till it receives the valid data and it gives the response as normal.