Pre Exposure Prophylaxis ( Prep ) For Hiv Prevention

Article Report Brent Henrikson Name: University Article 1 Abstract â€Å"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is a promising experimental approach currently being tested globally. A number of PrEP trials are evaluating the safety and effectiveness of PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) and other populations at risk for HIV, and results will be available from this first generation of efficacy trials over the next few years. Here we review the rationale for orally-administered antiretrovirals for prevention, and outline issues the first generation trials will address as well as questions that may be addressed in future studies. We also describe the rationale for combination prevention approaches that may combine PrEP with other prevention modalities as part of a larger prevention package† (Buchbinder and Liu, 2011). Summary Buchbinder and Liu (2011) underscored the importance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by stating that the future prevention and management of HIV infection lies in the ability to prevent the infection in the first place. This article focused on â€Å"reviewing the rationale for orally-administered antiretrovirals for prevention, and outline issues the first generation trials will address as well as questions that may be addressed in future studies† (Buchbinder and Liu, 2011). The article also focused on discussing the reasoning for combining PrEP with other prevention methods. A number of trials have been focusing on determiningShow MoreRelatedUptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis In Hivya Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining the uptake, use and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV negative persons with partners living with HIV. Related to this study was another research conducted by the same researchers but this time they investigated antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. In another study conducted by AIDS (London), the study was based on determining effectiveness and safety of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for all populations. A study conducted by EmoryRead MoreUtilization Of Hiv Essay833 Words   |  4 Pagesan evaluation and assessment of Programs to Increase the Utilization of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among Men Who have Sex with Mem (MSM) and Transgender Individuals and Collaborative Efforts to Metropolitan Statistical Area, offered by the International Black Women’s Congress (IBWC) in response to the request for proposal for The Virginia Department of Health, Division of Disease Prevention for the delivery of HIV services in the Virginia Beach/Norfolk/Newport News Metropolitan StatisticalRead MoreThe And Drug Administration Approved Truvada For Treating Hiv889 Words   |  4 PagesTruvada, the anti-HIV pill that his primary doctor prescribed h im approximately four months ago. At first, he was a bit skeptical because he has always been against taking medicines in general; however, after doing his own research and finding out that, if taken as prescribed, Truvada could protect him anywhere from 92 to 99 percent from contracting HIV, he accepted and started the treatment. Truvada, which is the brand name behind the Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis treatment, best known as PrEP, is the latestRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1562 Words   |  7 PagesDisease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that studies, as noted before, have shown PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV through sexual intercourse by more than 90% and by more than 70% among populations who inject drugs when taken regularly. Gay or bisexual men increase their chance of being exposed to the virus if they have had anal sex without a condom, been diagnosed with an STD during the past 6 months or are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partner. The 2014 HIV in the United States:Read MorePre Exposure Prophylaxis ( Prep )1133 Words   |  5 PagesPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) consists in the use of oral ART (either tenofovir alone, TFV, or in association with emtricibine, TFV/FTC) or topical vaginal TFV gel to prevent HIV transmission. This intervention was initially prop osed following previous research that showed ART as an effective way to prevent transmission (i.e. prevention of mother-to-child-transmission, MTCT, treatment as prevention strategy, TaP, and in the context of post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP) (1, 6). Since 2012, followingRead MoreSouth Carolina Hiv / Aids Council Project Preplan Community Summit : Taking Action Changing Our Destiny1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe turnout was larger than expected for the South Carolina HIV/AIDS Council Project PrEPlan Community Summit: â€Å"Taking Action—Changing Our Destiny†. The Summit was hosted by Benedict College in Columbia, SC. Participants were from many different walks of life: from seropositive and seronegative patients, to social workers, pharmacists, and doctors. Dr. Divya Ahuja from USC School of Medicine gave an overview of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). His platform was followed by multiple panel discussionsRead MorePractice Change : Use A Screening Tool For Identifying C andidates For Pre Exposure Prophylaxis1602 Words   |  7 PagesPractice Change: Use of a Screening Tool to Identify Candidates For Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Introduction Despite advances in screening and treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) over the last 30 years, HIV remains a significant global issue (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015; Yagoda Moore, 2016). The United States (US) experienced a brief decline in new HIV cases, but total HIV incidence has failed to decrease meaningfully in the past 25 years (Yagoda Moore, 2016). AccordingRead MoreLimitations Of Acquiring Data On Hiv1783 Words   |  8 PagesLimitations in Acquiring Data The current data surrounding HIV rates in transgender women are inadequate for several reasons. First, due to an unequal number of studies from each country, the international data reports are merely estimates and are most likely not generalizable to all transgender populations across the world. Next, the sampling methods that have been used, may have resulted in an oversampling of transgender women who are sex workers as these specific populations tend to congregateRead MoreHIV Research Paper1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) came about after an epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) surfaced in the 1980’s affecting the lives of gay men. It was first said to be gay related immune deficiency (GRID) (Baeten, 2012) and was sexually transmitted. This deadly disease has caused millions of deaths, but during its thirty plus years of existence; many breakthroughs have come about to make this a treatable disease. A few years later, cases of females being infectedRead MoreThe Prevention Of Hiv Prevention945 Words   |  4 PagesHIV Prevention There are several ways you can protect yourself and your partner(s) from HIV. Using a condom the correct way and every time you engage in sex, but not everybody uses the methods. If your partner is HIV positive, but you’re negative, then talk to your doctor about taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). It’s a medication you take daily to prevent HIV infection. This drug is not for people who have a partner who is infected, it’s also recommended for people who engage in sex with a

Texts by Peter Skrzynecki Free Essays

People’s perceptions of belonging vary according to the way they see themselves and their world. Individuals feelings of alienation and belonging is perceived by the way they see themselves and their world. As individuals become accepted within their new world, their surrounding forge acceptance, thus alienation becomes less apparent. We will write a custom essay sample on Texts by Peter Skrzynecki or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals foundation of belonging from alienation through the way they see themselves within their world is conveyed within â€Å"The Blind Side†, and â€Å"Felicks Skrzynecki† by Peter Skrzynecki. Within these two texts individuals similarly generate a sense of belonging in despite of cultural differences thus overcoming their struggles to gain a perception of acceptance within their world. Whereas â€Å"10 Mary Street† by Peter Skrzynecki portrays his perception of himself as belonging to his world and within his home. Individuals perceptions of one’s self worth within their world effects their sense of belonging. The Blind Side† is a powerful projection of cultural injustice and the misperceptions of cultural identity that shape an individuals sense of belonging, Michael does not belong within his community. The long shot of Michael sitting in the stands alone projects Michaels isolation from the remainder of his population. This broad shot generates an image which makes Michael seem miniscule within his world and thus his perception of his self worth is conveyed with negative impressions, Michael has no sense of belonging as he sits abounded, alone in a shot which over shadows him. I look and I see white everywhere. White walls, white floors and a lot of white people. † As Michael is being brought into Leanne’s family through this dialogue it is conveyed that it is a difficult transition, Michael see’s his race as a barrier between the acceptance of his new world, which highlights the void between the rich white population and the less fortunate culture which Michael was born into- Michael doesn’t perceive himself to belong. Through plot development alienation becomes less apparent and Michael is adopted within new culture that he becomes apart of, Michael belongs to his new world. Leigh Anne asked Michael â€Å"You’re gonna take care of me right? †, and Michael responds â€Å"I got your back† this conversation highlights the strong bond that has formed between these two individuals, and thus in juxtaposition to the first shot Michael is no longer alone. Leigh Anne is reliant on Michael who has changed her life in a positive way thus Michael’s self worth has increased. As Michael is accepted within Leigh Annes family a strong bond is formed within his world. Through his increased self worth Michael feels a sense of belonging brought in spite of his alienation. Through the alienation of cultural barriers individuals sought for other means of belonging. â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† explores the hardships of cultural barriers and how these can create alienation in the failure to belong within his world, similar to Michaels alienation within his world. â€Å"Did your father ever attempt to learn English? , this cruel accusation depicts Australia’s unforgiving nature for foreigners failure to adapt to a certain culture. The incapability of Peter’s â€Å"gentle father† to change himself to belong to his new world leads to a sense of alienation and an exploration for other means of belonging. Peter writes his father â€Å"Loved his garden like an only child†, and â€Å"He swept its path ten times around the world†, p rojecting a strong connection that his father has a place that he belongs and is accepted. The symbol that the garden is his child conveys the strong connection that the man and garden have with each other; a child is dependent on its parent to survive and thus this becomes a metaphor for Feliks and the garden- the garden needs Feliks to stay healthy and thus a strong sense of belonging to each other. Feliks continuous sweeping of the path creates a sense of routine which demonstrates a sense of belonging as well as routine the use of a hyperbole emphasizes the amount of time spent in his garden reinforcing the strong sense of belonging experienced by his father. From alienation further means of belonging are sought for as seen through the importance placed on his fathers cultural connective friends to reminisce upon the past, Felicks belongs to the past and places significant importance upon his homeland; where they all feel a greater sense of belonging, â€Å"Talking, they reminisced about farms where paddocks flowered with corn and wheat, horses they bred†. Another connection which generates his fathers sense of belonging is the changing from a farm to a garden where he has always tended to nature and thus this is a place familiarity; a place he feels he belongs. Thus Peter’s â€Å"gentle father† is alienated within the Australian culture but has sought for other means of belonging within himself and his cultural identity, forging happiness and acceptance. Therefore Felicks perception of his own happiness and surrounding have generated a sense of belonging for himself within his garden. Belonging is achieved through an individuals security and belonging to a place as seen within Peter Skryznecki, â€Å"10 Mary Street†. The employment of a personal voice emphasises a sense of authenticity which allows for the theme of belonging to magnified. Skrzynecki’s use of first person allows the reader to forge a relationship with the persona thus the composers themes are conveyed with an extension of a sentimental bond. Peter’s individual perception that he belongs to his home as well as his parents despite being a migrant disallows for alienation and displays a perception of personal security within his home. â€Å"For nineteen years we departed each morning† like in â€Å"Feliks Skryznecki† a sense of routine provides an impression of a sense of belonging thus bonding the migrants to their new world. Peter presents himself to belong within his world through the perception that he is apart of his home and has been for nineteen years. â€Å"We lived together†¦ With photographs and letters†, â€Å"We became citizens of the soil that was feeding us† Peter uses this metaphor and evaluative comment to acknowledged his heritage but also the link to his new home both providing him with a sense of belonging. Through the individuals perception of security to his home for years a sense of belonging is achieved within his world through his family and home. How to cite Texts by Peter Skrzynecki, Essay examples

Essay on Health Plan Review

Question: Write your health plan review using report format. Answer: Introduction The Koolin Balit Plan has been taken up in order to examine the relevance and significance of health plan in the Aboriginal population. While Koolin Balit denotes healthy people in Boonwurrung language, it is to be asserted that this Victorian Government strategy vouches for and works towards the improvement and welfare of Aboriginal people in Victoria by the year 2022 (www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2016). This plan is all about setting out as well as focusing on the governments commitments through the Department of Health and Human Services along with the Aboriginal communities towards improving the Aboriginal health; and also to bring together total effort of Victoria in Aboriginal health in an integrated framework on the basis of predominant key priorities and enablers. Description of plan Koolin Balit is known as the strategic directions of the Victorian Government for the cause of Aboriginal health over the years of 2012-2022. This plan was launched by the Minister for Health at the Aboriginal health conference in the year 2012, specifically in the month of May (www2.health.vic.gov.au, 2016). The government has aimed for making a significant impact on the cause of improving the respective length and lifestyle quality of the Aboriginal Victorians in this modern age. The preset objectives of the government can be put forth as: Closing the gap in the concerned life expectancy for Aboriginal people living in Victoria Causing reduction in the differences in the infant mortality rates, factor of morbidity and low birth weights between general population and the people of Aboriginal strata Improving access to the necessary services and outcomes for the Aboriginal people Certain priority areas can be focused to improve upon the health and wellbeing of the Aboriginal people. The key priority areas are: A healthy start to life A healthy childhood A healthy transition to adulthood Caring for older people Addressing risk factors Management of illness better with effective health services The enablers can be listed as: Improvement of data and service Strong and efficient Aboriginal organizations Cultural responsiveness Description of priority area and at risk groups One of the outlined priority areas in the chosen plan is: A healthy start to life and it is a well-known fact that a healthy start to life is actually the foundation of good health throughout the living cycle. As a major 16% of the disease prone people up to the age of 24 years tend to suffer due to the neonatal conditions, therefore, it is the responsibility of the young Aboriginal population to ensure good health from the very beginning of life; and in this regard, the issue concerning breastfeeding amongst the indigenous mothers can be cited with effective lan (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The at-risk groups in this context are: indigenous pregnant women and young women. In accordance with the evidence, it can be put forward that the indigenous women are less likely to opt for breastfeeding in comparison with non-indigenous women and therein lies the difference in course of giving a healthy start to life for the indigenous children are more often than not deprived from the benefits of breastfeeding. The benefits of breastfeeding for the infants are numerous for it provides the very foundation of life that guides through the children throughout their respective lives, in terms of safeguarding them from life threatening infections and ailments (Willis et al. 2006). The actions outlined for addressing this priority area are inclusive of nurturing pregnant women, healthy lifestyle of women barring the habits of smoking and drinking, providing the would-be-mothers with effective knowledge of breastfeeding etc. Discussion This particular section of report is all about focusing on the probable determinants linked closely to the at-risk groups i.e. indigenous pregnant women, young women and the associated health consequences for the concerned groups. In this connection the determinants i.e. social, environmental and biological can be chosen which can be listed as education, early life and social support. It can be put forward that in terms of increasing the number of Aboriginal pregnant women and the new mothers in course of their accessing antenatal care early in their pregnancy and motherhood, the early life factor can be accomplished. Educating the mothers on the benefits of breastfeeding is essential for breastfeeding not just helps in ensuring the healthy beginning of life and upbringing of life for the infants; but is also effective for the mothers in maintaining their respective lives and healthy motherhood. Inculcating positive lifestyle behavior during and after pregnancy is of utmost importance; and that can certainly be achieved in terms of supporting specific healthcare programs that in turn help in providing an optimum environment for the growth of the newborn with positive reinforcements (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The factors concerning education and social support can be incorporated as well as attaine d by means of supporting several local initiatives that happen to emphasize the provisions concerning physical health and mental health, overall wellbeing of the Aboriginal infants and their mothers during pre-natal and post-natal period. It is the Victorian Governments responsibility to enhance the connecting links between the health improvement programs and social initiatives, for ensuring Closing the Health Gap implementation plan alongside the effective execution of the activities that largely involves improvement of access to the quality antenatal care (Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022, 2016). The government department can be found to be working on the proposed healthcare initiatives for the cause of bringing forth improvement in the positive lifestyle behavior among the mothers during and after pregnancy period. The initiatives take into account plans such as; Healthy Family Air which has been designed in support of quit smoking among the parents of the Aboriginal infants during the phase of pregnancy Koori alcohol plan for serving the purpose of increasing and spreading awareness regarding the habit of risky drinking amongst would-be-parents of Aboriginal population and the adverse effects of drinking on the unborn babies Victorian Aboriginal nutrition and physical activity strategy that needs effective implementation to ensure the welfare and wellbeing of the Aboriginal mothers and newborns on grounds of nutritional health These determinants are pivotal for they are impactful on the specified group because of their appropriateness and relevance. Conclusion This report has managed to sum up that the health plan concerning Koolin Balit happens to provide a clear path forward in the attainment of prominent outcomes in the course of Aboriginal health. It has come up with a clear demonstration through the respective investigation of the health services for Aboriginal people in terms of being responsible and accountable for the taken initiatives. The research study has pointed towards the fact that health outcomes vary to a large extent across the population groups and the same has happened in case of the Aboriginal population for they have a distinct set of lifestyle which adversely affects their very wellbeing and overall welfare. The report is found to have focused on the impact of the health services on the Aboriginal population in terms of closely associating the government and other partners on this ground of improvement of positive healthy lifestyle behavior among the Aboriginal people, specifically the pregnant women and young women. It can be concluded that this particular piece of research write up has managed to serve the purpose of illustrating how and why of the concerned impacts, that have been taking place through the means of underlying determinants. References Koolin Balit Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health 20122022. (2016). pp.1-88. Willis, E., Smye, V. and Rameka, M. (2006). Advances in Contemporary Indigenous Health Care. Maleny: EContent Management Pty Ltd.

Somalia And US Essays - Military Operations Other Than War, Peace

Somalia And US The desire for an organization that would help the international community"avoid future conflicts" and the recognized need for a global body that would "promote international economic and social cooperation" led the powerful states emerging from the rubble of WWII to develop the United Nations. The newly formed United Nations "represented an expression of hope for the possibilities of a new global security arrangement and for fostering the social and economic conditions necessary for peace to prevail" (Mingst and Karns 2). The need for mutual cooperation amongst the states following the second of the global wars was vital to the reconstruction of war-torn Europe, and for the development of a new world order. This attempt at cooperation was not the first of its kind. According to Mingst and Karns, "The UN's Charter built on lessons learned from the failed League of Nations created at the end of World War I and earlier experiments with international unions, conference diplomacy, and dispute settlements mechanisms" (2). Despite this "experience" in mutual cooperation, the founding states still faced many problems in the security arena due to the advent of the Cold War. In order to effectively deal with security issues facing the UN, the Security Council turned to "peace- Mulligan 2 keeping" as an alternative to armed aggression. According to the United Nations Department of Public Information, "Peacekeeping was pioneered and developed by the United Nations as one of the means for maintaining international peace and security" (1998), and the UN deals with particular problems through "the prevention, containment, and moderation of hostilities between or within states through the use of multinational forces of soldiers, police, and civilians" (Mingst and Karns 3). This was a very different approach to quelling conflicts that had never before been practiced. Peacekeeping was "a creative response to the breakdown of great-power unity and the spread of East-West tensions to regional conflicts" (Mingst and Karns 3). Before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, John R. Bolton, Senior Vice President of the American Enterprise Institute, stated further reasoning for the evolution of peacekeeping. He notes: ?Traditional' U.N. peacekeeping evolved when it became clear that the broad intentions of the Framers of the U.N. Charter were rendered largely meaningless by the onset of the Cold War. U.N. involvement in international crises, far from being the central dispute-resolution mechanism envisioned by the Framers in Chapters VI and VII, became episodic and incidental to the main global confrontation between East and West. Since "Cold War tensions have subsided, peace has been threatened by resurgent ethnic and nationalist conflicts in Mulligan 3 many regions. As a result, U.N. peacekeeping operations have grown rapidly in number and complexity in recent years. While 13 operations were established in the first forty years of U.N. peacekeeping, 28 new operations have been launched since 1988" (UNDPI 1998). The following map shows the many regions of the world in which the United Nations has become involved in a peacekeeping mission: Mulligan 4 Due in part because of the extraordinarily limited dimensions within which U.N. peacekeeping was feasible, a clear set of principles evolved to describe the elements necessary for successful U.N. operations. These rules would become the standard from which future U.N. peace-keeping missions would be drawn. The first criterion for a U.N. peacekeeping mission was consent. According to Bolton, "All of the relevant parties to a dispute had to agree to the participation of U.N. peacekeepers in monitoring, observing or policing a truce, cease fire, or disengagement of combatants" (2000). This agreement must not only grant the U.N. the right to intervene in the state's internal affairs, but also detail the "scope of its mission and the operational requirements for carrying out that mission" (Bolton 2000). A nation-state, at any time, could withdraw its consent at which point the U.N. forces would withdraw. One example of revoking consent occurred in "May, 1967, when Egypt insisted on the withdrawal of the U.N. Expeditionary Force (established after the Suez Canal Crisis of 1956) from its territory along the border with Israel" (Bolton 2000). U.N. forces were forced to leave, and as a result, the Six Day War followed. Mulligan 5 A second requirement was the notion that the U.N. forces would not take sides in the conflict. Bolton states that ...U.N. peacekeepers were [to be] neutral [amongst] the parties to the conflict, not favoring one or another of them. It was understood to be elemental that the United Nations could not ?take sides' in a conflict without itself becoming involved in the very situation it was trying to

Word Games to Improve Your Writing

Word Games to Improve Your Writing Word Games to Improve Your Writing Word Games to Improve Your Writing By Ali Hale It’s hard work to increase your vocabulary by memorising long lists of words and definitions, or to improve your spelling by constantly writing out words you get wrong. Why not try playing some word-based games instead? If you have kids, these are great ways to help them with their writing skills whilst having fun! Scrabble A hugely popular board game (and even available on Facebook), Scrabble involves creating words from â€Å"tiles†, each with a letter on. You need two to four players, each of whom starts the game with seven tiles. The first player must make a full word from the tiles in their hand. After that, each person must create a word that overlaps one already on the board – a bit like words on a crossword puzzle. You can create more than one word by cunning positioning of your tiles, but the tiles you put down on the board must go in a straight line forming one main word. Each word gets a score based on the letters used, After you’ve played, you take more letters from the tile bag, until it’s eventually empty. Scrabble is great for building up your vocabulary – though you may want to introduce a â€Å"house rule† that everyone should be able to use the word they’ve played in a sentence. Certain members of my family have a â€Å"crib sheet† of two-letter words like â€Å"el† and â€Å"ny† (you can get a list of official two-letter words here). Scrabble is also a good game to help you with spelling; there’s nothing worse than playing what you think is a killer move only to be told you’ve spelt the word wrong. There are some variants of Scrabble such as Upwords, a 3D version (you can stack the letter tiles on top of one another). Crosswords In the UK, almost every daily newspaper has a crossword. Some are easy and some are fiendishly hard! A crossword is a series of white squares, each representing a letter, which overlap. The words can go â€Å"down† or â€Å"across†, and each word has a number corresponding to a clue. Once you’ve solved a clue, you can fill in that word. For practising your spelling and vocabulary, you’ll probably want to avoid â€Å"cryptic† crosswords (where the clue only relates obliquely to the answer – for example, you might have to form an anagram from words in the clue to find the answer). Some crosswords also rely on a high level of literary or historical knowledge. You might want to start by trying some crosswords available online. A fun variant on the crossword is to start with a completed one and then make up the clues – this could be a great game to play with kids or friends to think up some unusual definitions of words. Hangman A popular pen-and-paper game, Hangman can help with spelling, vocabulary and recognising letter patterns. It’s most suited to kids or people who are still learning English. You need two players. One, the ‘Hangman’ thinks up a word and writes down a series of dashes on a piece of paper, each dash representing one letter. So a five letter word would look like this: __ __ __ __ __ The other player must guess letters, one at a time. If the letter appears in the word, the Hangman writes that letter over the appropriate dash. If the letter doesn’t appear, the Hangman writes it in a corner of the paper, and draws the next section of the scaffold to ‘hang’ the other player. The aim for the Hangman is to pick a word which the other player won’t guess before the scaffold is complete. The aim for the player is to guess the word before being ‘hanged’! There are full instructions at Wikipedias Hangman page. You can play an online version of Hangman designed for students of English as a Foreign Language at English Banana. Consequences To play consequences, you’ll need at least three people (the more the better), and a sheet of paper per person. It’s a great game for parties – whether young or old – and would be a good ice-breaker for a writers’ workshop. The game goes like this: Each player writes down a man’s name – it’s funniest if it’s someone the group knows, maybe a political figure – folds the top of the paper over to hide it, and passes it on. Everyone writes down â€Å"met† and a woman’s name – again, try picking a famous person – folds the paper again, and passes it on. This time, write â€Å"at† or â€Å"in† and the place where they met. Next, write â€Å"He said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a line of dialogue. (Fold, pass it on†¦) Now, write â€Å"She said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a line of dialogue. (Fold, pass it on†¦) Finally, write the consequence, eg. â€Å"And they lived happily ever after† – but be more imaginative than that! Pass the papers on one more time. Everyone unfolds their paper, and takes it in turn to read out the mini story. This always leads to some funny stories, and if you’re playing it with your kids, you might want to use â€Å"teachers’ names† or â€Å"cartoon characters†. It’s a great way to introduce story telling techniques to children, or to come up with some off-the-wall ideas with a group of adults. It might also help you with dialogue skills or comic writing techniques. Do you have a favourite writing game? Has it helped you to improve your English – or helped your kids with their spelling? Or do you just play for fun? Let us know in the comments †¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further50 Nautical Terms in General UsePredicate Complements

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830

The History of Electric Vehicles Began in 1830 By definition, an electric vehicle, or EV, will use an electric motor for propulsion rather than a gasoline-powered motor. Besides the electric car, there are bikes, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains that have all been powered by electricity. Beginnings Who invented the very first EV is uncertain, as several inventors have been given credit. In 1828, Hungarian nyos Jedlik invented a small-scale model car powered by an electric motor that he designed. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented a crude electric-powered carriage. In 1835, another small-scale electric car was designed by Professor Stratingh of Groningen, Holland, and built by his assistant Christopher Becker. In 1835, Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built a small-scale electric car. Davenport was also the inventor of the first American-built DC electric motor. Better Batteries More practical and more successful electric road vehicles were invented by both Thomas Davenport and Scotsman Robert Davidson around 1842. Both inventors were the first to use the newly-invented, non-rechargeable electric cells (or batteries). Frenchman Gaston Plante invented a better storage battery in 1865 and his fellow countrymen Camille Faure further improved the storage battery in 1881. Better-capacity storage batteries were needed for electric vehicles to become practical. American Designs In the late 1800s, France and Great Britain were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles. In 1899, a Belgian-built electric racing car called La Jamais Contente set a world record for land speed of 68 mph. It was designed by Camille Jà ©natzy. It was not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to electric vehicles after an electric tricycle was built by A. L. Ryker and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon, both in 1891. Many innovations followed, and interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In fact, William Morrisons design, which had room for passengers, is often considered the first real and practical EV. In 1897, the first commercial EV application was established: a fleet of New York City taxis built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company of Philadelphia. Increased Popularity By the turn of the century, America was prosperous. Cars, now available in steam, electric, or gasoline versions, were becoming more popular. The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric cars in America,  as they outsold all other types of cars. One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. Later in 1916, Woods invented a hybrid car that had both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. Electric vehicles had many advantages over their competitors in the early 1900s. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline-powered cars. Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part of driving. Electric vehicles did not require gear changes. While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water, compared to an electric cars range on a single charge. The only good roads of the period were in town, which meant that most commutes were local, a perfect situation for electric vehicles since their range was limited. The electric vehicle was the preferred choice of many because it did not require manual effort to start, as with the hand crank on gasoline vehicles,  and there was no wrestling with a gear shifter. While basic electric cars cost under $1,000, most early electric vehicles were ornate, massive carriages designed for the upper class. They had fancy interiors made with expensive materials and averaged $3,000 by 1910. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s, with production peaking in 1912. Electric Cars Almost Become Extinct For the following reasons, the electric car declined in popularity. It was several decades before there was a renewed interest in these vehicles. By the 1920s, America had a better system of roads that connected cities, bringing with it the need for longer-range vehicles.The discovery of Texas crude oil reduced the price of gasoline so that it was affordable to the average consumer.The invention of the electric starter by  Charles Kettering  in 1912 eliminated the need for the hand crank.The initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by  Henry Ford  made these vehicles widely available and affordable, in the $500 to $1,000 price range. By contrast, the price of the less efficiently-produced electric vehicles continued to rise. In 1912, an electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline car sold for $650. Electric vehicles had all but disappeared by 1935. The years following until the 1960s were dead years for electric vehicle development and for their use as personal transportation. The Return The  60s  and  70s  saw a need for  alternative-fueled  vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. Many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles occurred after 1960. Battronic Truck Company In the early 60s, the Boyertown Auto Body Works jointly formed the Battronic Truck Company with Smith Delivery Vehicles, Ltd., of England and the Exide Division of the Electric Battery Company. The first Battronic electric truck was delivered to the Potomac Edison Company in 1964. This truck was capable of speeds of 25 mph, a range of 62 miles and a payload of 2,500 pounds. Battronic worked with General Electric from 1973 to 1983 to produce 175 utility vans for use in the utility industry and to demonstrate the capabilities of battery-powered vehicles. Battronic also developed and produced about 20 passenger buses in the mid-1970s. CitiCars and Elcar Two companies were leaders in electric car production during this time. Sebring-Vanguard produced over 2,000 CitiCars. These cars had a top speed of 44 mph, a normal cruise speed of 38 mph and a range of 50 to 60 miles. The other company was Elcar Corporation, which produced the Elcar. The Elcar had a top speed of 45 mph, a range of 60 miles and cost between $4,000 and $4,500. United States Postal Service In 1975, the United States Postal Service purchased 350 electric delivery jeeps from the American Motor Company to be used in a test program. These jeeps had a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 40 miles at a speed of 40 mph. Heating and defrosting were accomplished with a gas heater and the recharge time was ten hours.

Operations Management Workforce Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management Workforce Planning - Essay Example This again will adversely affect the bottom line of the company. At a glance, it might appear very simple and rudimental to determine the actual manning complement for a certain operation however, a deeper scrutiny of the process will reveal the complexities involved such as the unpredictable fluctuation of demand vis--vis a fixed operating capacity comprised. The proponent used a simple accounting approach to determine and consolidate the cost component of each staffing plan. From here, the proponent tabulated the different data given in the case problem afterwhich, he proceeds in summing up the total cost per plan and simply compares each cost to know which alternative yields the least cost. Further to the quantitative analysis, which is actually just a comparison of the costs, the proponent attempts to account for the other effects of the different plans like employee morale, customer service and operations. The case problem requires the proponent to analyze three Workforce Planning model based on a given set of forecasted weekly demand, production rate per product and various costs like regular wage, overtime cost, hiring and firing cost. The problem further requires the proponent to evaluate each of these options based on other aspects of the business such as employee morale, operations and customer service. The setting of the problem is in Newmart International Manufacturing where three products are two be produced without incidents of run outs or back orders. IV. THE WORKFORCE PLANNING MODELS As mentioned in the case problem, the proposed Workforce Models to address the demand of the coming quarter are: 1) Level Workforce where the proponent simply hires the additional manpower required and keeps them all throughout the succeeding weeks; 2) Original Full-time Workforce plus over time does not engage in firing or hiring employees rather and 3) Adjusting the workforce depending on the requirement per week where the company is engaged in a weekly hiring and firing of employees. V. ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the tabulation shown below, it is clear that among the three options, the original 75 fulltime workers of the company are still sufficient in meeting with the forecasted demands. It is also inferred that employee morale and other organizational elements have been adversely affected by frequent hiring and firing. The proponent therefore suggests applying option B to address the requirement of the company. This option will not only yield the lowest cost, i.e., US$ 609,588 there is but more importantly, it will maintain, if not enhance employee morale, customer service and the overall performance of the business operation. Bibliography: Heizer, Jay and Render, Render. "Production and Operations Management".4th